@JJosuke, In simple terms these are just Cartesian and or Euclidean mathematical calculations done in Higher dimensions. Please see the following educational videos, i hope they help. Thanks for your question ...
youtu.be/U5kIdtMJGc8?t=327 ...
youtu.be/zwAD6dRSVyI ...
youtu.be/dr2sIoD7eeU ...