OPEN-SOURCE SCRIPT
Ohlson O-Score Indicator
The Ohlson O-Score is a financial metric developed by Olof Ohlson to predict the probability of a company experiencing financial distress. It is widely used by investors and analysts as a key tool for financial analysis.
Inputs:
Period: Select the financial period for analysis, either "FY" (Fiscal Year) or "FQ" (Fiscal Quarter).
Country: Specify the country for Gross Net Product data. This helps in tailoring the analysis to specific economic conditions.
Gross Net Product: Define the number of years back for the index to be set at 100. This parameter provides a historical context for the analysis.
Table Display: Customize the display of various tables to suit your preference and analytical needs.
Key Features:
Predictive Power: The Ohlson O-Score is renowned for its predictive power in assessing the financial health of a company. It incorporates multiple financial ratios and indicators to provide a comprehensive view.
Financial Distress Prediction: Use the O-Score to gauge the likelihood of a company facing financial distress in the future. It's a valuable tool for risk assessment.
Country-Specific Analysis: Tailor the analysis to the economic conditions of a specific country, ensuring a more accurate evaluation of financial health.
Historical Context: Set the Gross Net Product index at a specific historical point, allowing for a deeper understanding of how a company's financial health has evolved over time.
How to Use:
Select Period: Choose either Fiscal Year or Fiscal Quarter based on your preference.
Specify Country: Input the country for country-specific Gross Net Product data.
Set Historical Context: Determine the number of years back for the index to be set at 100, providing historical context to your analysis.
Custom Table Display: Personalize the display of various tables to focus on the metrics that matter most to you.
Calculation and component description
Here is the description of O-score components as found in orginal Ohlson publication:
1. SIZE = log(total assets/GNP price-level index). The index assumes a base value of 100 for 1968. Total assets are as reported in dollars. The index year is as of the year prior to the year of the balance sheet date. The procedure assures a real-time implementation of the model. The log transform has an important implication. Suppose two firms, A and B, have a balance sheet date in the same year, then the sign of PA - Pe is independent of the price-level index. (This will not follow unless the log transform is applied.) The latter is, of course, a desirable property.
2. TLTA = Total liabilities divided by total assets.
3. WCTA = Working capital divided by total assets.
4. CLCA = Current liabilities divided by current assets.
5. OENEG = One if total liabilities exceeds total assets, zero otherwise.
6. NITA = Net income divided by total assets.
7. FUTL = Funds provided by operations divided by total liabilities
8. INTWO = One if net income was negative for the last two years, zero otherwise.
9. CHIN = (NI, - NI,-1)/(| NIL + (NI-|), where NI, is net income for the most recent period. The denominator acts as a level indicator. The variable is thus intended to measure change in net income. (The measure appears to be due to McKibben [1972]).
Interpretation
The foundational model for the O-Score evolved from an extensive study encompassing over 2000 companies, a notable leap from its predecessor, the Altman Z-Score, which examined a mere 66 companies. In direct comparison, the O-Score demonstrates significantly heightened accuracy in predicting bankruptcy within a 2-year horizon.
While the original Z-Score boasted an estimated accuracy of over 70%, later iterations reached impressive levels of 90%. Remarkably, the O-Score surpasses even these high benchmarks in accuracy.
It's essential to acknowledge that no mathematical model achieves 100% accuracy. While the O-Score excels in forecasting bankruptcy or solvency, its precision can be influenced by factors both internal and external to the formula.
For the O-Score, any results exceeding 0.5 indicate a heightened likelihood of the firm defaulting within two years. The O-Score stands as a robust tool in financial analysis, offering nuanced insights into a company's financial stability with a remarkable degree of accuracy.
Inputs:
Period: Select the financial period for analysis, either "FY" (Fiscal Year) or "FQ" (Fiscal Quarter).
Country: Specify the country for Gross Net Product data. This helps in tailoring the analysis to specific economic conditions.
Gross Net Product: Define the number of years back for the index to be set at 100. This parameter provides a historical context for the analysis.
Table Display: Customize the display of various tables to suit your preference and analytical needs.
Key Features:
Predictive Power: The Ohlson O-Score is renowned for its predictive power in assessing the financial health of a company. It incorporates multiple financial ratios and indicators to provide a comprehensive view.
Financial Distress Prediction: Use the O-Score to gauge the likelihood of a company facing financial distress in the future. It's a valuable tool for risk assessment.
Country-Specific Analysis: Tailor the analysis to the economic conditions of a specific country, ensuring a more accurate evaluation of financial health.
Historical Context: Set the Gross Net Product index at a specific historical point, allowing for a deeper understanding of how a company's financial health has evolved over time.
How to Use:
Select Period: Choose either Fiscal Year or Fiscal Quarter based on your preference.
Specify Country: Input the country for country-specific Gross Net Product data.
Set Historical Context: Determine the number of years back for the index to be set at 100, providing historical context to your analysis.
Custom Table Display: Personalize the display of various tables to focus on the metrics that matter most to you.
Calculation and component description
Here is the description of O-score components as found in orginal Ohlson publication:
1. SIZE = log(total assets/GNP price-level index). The index assumes a base value of 100 for 1968. Total assets are as reported in dollars. The index year is as of the year prior to the year of the balance sheet date. The procedure assures a real-time implementation of the model. The log transform has an important implication. Suppose two firms, A and B, have a balance sheet date in the same year, then the sign of PA - Pe is independent of the price-level index. (This will not follow unless the log transform is applied.) The latter is, of course, a desirable property.
2. TLTA = Total liabilities divided by total assets.
3. WCTA = Working capital divided by total assets.
4. CLCA = Current liabilities divided by current assets.
5. OENEG = One if total liabilities exceeds total assets, zero otherwise.
6. NITA = Net income divided by total assets.
7. FUTL = Funds provided by operations divided by total liabilities
8. INTWO = One if net income was negative for the last two years, zero otherwise.
9. CHIN = (NI, - NI,-1)/(| NIL + (NI-|), where NI, is net income for the most recent period. The denominator acts as a level indicator. The variable is thus intended to measure change in net income. (The measure appears to be due to McKibben [1972]).
Interpretation
The foundational model for the O-Score evolved from an extensive study encompassing over 2000 companies, a notable leap from its predecessor, the Altman Z-Score, which examined a mere 66 companies. In direct comparison, the O-Score demonstrates significantly heightened accuracy in predicting bankruptcy within a 2-year horizon.
While the original Z-Score boasted an estimated accuracy of over 70%, later iterations reached impressive levels of 90%. Remarkably, the O-Score surpasses even these high benchmarks in accuracy.
It's essential to acknowledge that no mathematical model achieves 100% accuracy. While the O-Score excels in forecasting bankruptcy or solvency, its precision can be influenced by factors both internal and external to the formula.
For the O-Score, any results exceeding 0.5 indicate a heightened likelihood of the firm defaulting within two years. The O-Score stands as a robust tool in financial analysis, offering nuanced insights into a company's financial stability with a remarkable degree of accuracy.
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