Mean Reversion Strategy (Double EMA) w Stop LossOne of the strategy inspired by John F. Carter in his book - Mastering the trade. The idea is simple, once the price cross the fast MA (open trade), it will most likely approach the slow MA (close trade). I added an optional filter, which you can turn on to only open position when the distance between the 2 MA is higher or equal than a minimum % that you indicate. Suitable for volatile stocks/markets. Best use when the market is ranging, like any other mean reversion strategy.
Stop Loss feature is also added, with the option to choose from Percentage Stop Loss, Percentage Trailing Stop Loss, ATR Stop Loss or ATR Trailing Stop Loss.
Meanreversion
dirt cheap yet elegant RSI StrategyFor Educational Purposes. Results can differ on different markets and can fail at any time. Profit is not guaranteed.
This only works in a few markets and in certain situations. Changing the settings can give better or worse results for other markets. This is a good way to show off a good looking strategy, atleast in paper, with minimal effort involved in the making and usage. It can be made with the most minimal lines of code if needed to bring shame unto others. It only works in a few markets and who knows if it will actually rebound from the overbought or oversold levels but in case it doesn't I put in a time-based stop to exit in case of that worst case scenario. There's not much to it, good for trolling others, or serious business, you decide.
Bollinger Bands Strategy with Intraday Intensity IndexFor Educational Purposes. Results can differ on different markets and can fail at any time. Profit is not guaranteed.
This only works in a few markets and in certain situations. Changing the settings can give better or worse results for other markets.
This is a mean reversion strategy based on Bollinger Bands and the Intraday Intensity Index (a volume indicator). John Bollinger mentions that the Intraday Intensity Index can be used with Bollinger Bands and is one of the top indicators he recommends in his book. It seems he prefers it over the other volume indicators that he compares to for some reason. III looks a lot like Chaikin Money Flow but without the denominator in that calculation. On the default settings of the BBs, the III helps give off better entry signals. John Bollinger however is vague on how to use the BBs and it's hard to say if one should enter when it is below/above the bands or when the price crosses them. I find that with many indicators and strategies it's best to wait for a confirmation of some sort, in this case by waiting for some crossover of a band. Like most mean reversion strategies, the exit is very loose if using BBs alone. Usually the plan to exit is when the price finally reverts back to the mean or in this case the middle band. This can potentially lead to huge drawdowns and/or losses. Mean reversion strategies can have high win/loss ratios but can still end up unprofitable because of the huge losses that can occur. These drawdowns/losses that mean reversion strategies suffer from can potentially eat away at a large chunk of all that was previously made or perhaps up to all of it in the worst cases, can occur weeks or perhaps up to months after being profitable trading such a strategy, and will take a while and several trades to make it all back or keep a profitable track record. It is important to have a stop loss, trailing stop, or some sort of stop plan with these types of strategies. For this one, in addition to exiting the trade when price reverts to the middle band, I included a time-based stop plan that exits with a gain or with a loss to avoid potentially large losses, and to exit after only a few periods after taking the trade if in profit instead of waiting for the price to revert back to the mean.
GMS: Mr. Yen's Color ZoneThis is Mr. Yen's color zone. I have also added an input to adjust the sizes of each box. Mainly targeted for MES and ES.
The default settings are as he describes:
white line is the previous day close
red zone = +/- 20 from the previous day close
yellow zone = +/- 40 from the previous day close
green zone = +/- 60 from the previous day close
blue zone = +/- 100 from the previous day close
The source code is open, so feel free to take a look and see whats up. This indicator is quite similar to his, however there is a gap at the cash close to overnight open on his chart that I'm not sure how to adjust for. In any case, this one is still pretty good!
I hope it helps,
Andre
ATR Pivot Point Index [racer8]Description:
ATR Pivot Point Index (ATR_PPI) is based on the theory of mean reversion.
I was inspired to create this indicator after watching a particular YouTube video on the UKspreadbetting channel.
In this video, the trader being interviewed mentioned that he would exit when price is too far from the moving average.
In other words, he exits when he thinks price will revert back to the moving average (mean reversion).
I'm not sure what period moving average he used, so I set it to the standard 14 periods.
I wanted to quantify his strategy so that the user can consistently exit a trade at a fixed distance away from the moving average.
For this indicator, this distance is in ATR units.
This strategy of exiting is known as the mean reversion exit strategy.
Alternatively, if the user wishes to, this indicator can also be used as an entry indicator (Trend entry strategy).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parameters:
1. Sma Period - controls length of moving average (Affects histogram).
2. Atr Period - controls length of Atr, doesn't have much affect on indicator (Affects histogram).
3. Atr Pivot Point Level - controls horizontal line, it determines how far away in Atr units you want to exit/enter from the sma for every trade.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Interpreting signals:
(Trend entry strategy) When histogram is...
Green - enter long
Red - enter short
Purple - No signal
(Mean reversion exit strategy) When histogram is...
Green - exit long
Red - exit short
Purple - No signal
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Calculation:
Distance = Absolute value of (current close - moving average(14))
ATR_units = Distance / ATR(14) ...........Plot as histogram.
Add horizontal line set at (2)*ATR .......Plot line.
Is histogram > line?
Yes, histogram color is green/red.
No, histogram color is purple.
Note: For mean reversion exit strategy, I recommend HIGHER Atr Pivot Point Level values. Vice versa for trend entry strategy.
Enjoy :)
Momentum Drift Oscillator™TradeChartist Momentum Drift Oscillator is a elegantly designed Oscillator that uses both trend following and mean reversion models, that helps visualize the price momentum, based on user defined lookback period and standard deviation.
===================================================================================================================
Momentum Drift Oscillator ( MDO ) Features:
MDO shows how far away the price is, from the mean, based on Lookback Length (21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233) and Standard Deviation input (Min - 0.236, Max - 2.0) , and helps understand potential price reversal points based on mean reversion principles.
Drift Visualizer helps visualise the velocity with which Price moves and helps the trader spot various momentum drift zones like Fuel zones, Overbought/Oversold areas and Bull/Bear Exhaustion limits. Drift Visualizer above 150 is usually Overbought and value above 200 is Super Overbought. Similarly, value below -150 is usually Oversold and value below -200 is Super Oversold.
Option to enable and disable coloured bars based on Momentum Drift. (Colour intensity on Price bars helps visualise the price momentum - 2 Colour Schemes available from the settings - Chilli and Flame).
Long and Short Trade Alerts can be created using Once Per Bar Close .
The indicator does not repaint. Alerts may display potential repaint warning, but this is because the code uses bar index for Drift Visualizer labels. For confidence in the indicator, it can be tested using bar replay to make sure the real-time and bar replay trade entries and plots stay on the same bar/timestamp.
MDO can be connected to ™TradeChartist Plug and Trade to generate Trade Entries, Targets, Sop Loss plots etc and to create all types of alerts.
===================================================================================================================
Why is Momentum Drift Oscillator ( MDO ) different from traditional Momentum based indicators?
This Momentum Drift model truly combines mean reversion and trend following principles, but with a unique original idea.
It needs 2 user defined inputs - Lookback length and Standard Deviation. If for example, say the trend is Bullish and MDO is above 0, the Oscillator doesn't go below 0, even if there is extreme bull exhaustion, if the trend based on lookback and standard deviation is not favorable to reverse trades.
Only Fibonacci lookback periods (21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233) are used as they have been found more effective than other periods. The default Lookback period is 55 and Standard Deviation is 1, but this can be changed from the settings. Lower values of Lookback period go well with higher Standard Deviation and higher values of Lookback period go well with lower Standard Deviation (0.5, 0.618, 0.786, 0.886, 1 etc.), based on trading style and personal risk strategy.
The indicator includes a Drift Visualizer that helps spot important trade zones based on Price Velocity, calculated dynamically for every bar based on user defined parameters. The first move above or below 0 always opens at Bull Fuel or Bear Fuel zone and the exhaustion zones are reached only at the time of price returning to the mean. But it doesn't change direction if the trend is still up, so the trader can make an informed decision as to when to reverse trades, based on another confirmator.
Similarly, when the Visualizer reaches Fuel or Support/Resistance zones, it normally needs a bit of a push to reach the Overbought - Super Overbought/Oversold - Super Oversold levels where the price normally starts reversing back to the mean and this whole process can be visualized through Visualizer labels on MDO. This process eliminates a lot of noise that normally comes with traditional Momentum indicators.
===================================================================================================================
Example Charts:
1. XAU-USD 1hr chart - Lookback - 55, Std Dev - 2
2. ADA-USDT 4hr chart - Lookback - 89, Std Dev - 1
3. WTI - USOIL Daily chart - Lookback - 34, Std Dev - 1.618
4. SPX Daily chart - Lookback - 144, Std Dev - 0.236
5. GBP-USD 15m chart - Lookback - 144, Std Dev - 0.618
6. BTC-USD 1hr connected to Plug and Trade - Lookback - 55, Std Dev - 1
===================================================================================================================
Best Practice: Test with different settings first using Paper Trades before trading with real money
===================================================================================================================
This is not a free to use indicator. Get in touch with me (PM me directly if you would like trial access to test the indicator)
Premium Scripts - Trial access and Information
Trial access offered on all Premium scripts.
PM me directly to request trial access to the scripts or for more information.
===================================================================================================================
TradeChartist Range Bands ™TradeChartist Range Bands is an exceptionally well designed Entry/Exit indicator that plots fluid Range Bands and dynamic Support/Resistance levels on chart, along with trade entries by using both trend following and mean reversion principles.
===================================================================================================================
How does ™TradeChartist Range Bands work?
The Indicator plots Range Bands with Upper, Lower and Mean, calculated using trading models that use both Trend Following and Mean Reversion principles . It is the Range Bands that decide the trade Entries as the breakouts above upper band generates long entries and the breakouts below the lower band generates the short entries.
The Range Bands Type (Automatic, Aggressive or Normal) can be chosen from the settings. Default is Automatic and it uses Aggressive for non 24 hr markets and Normal for 24 hr markets like Cryptocurrencies.
The width of the Range Bands can be changed using the Range Multiplier from the settings. Default is 1.618 , minimum value is 0.618 and maximum value is 2.0.
The frequency of the Trade Signals depends on both Range Bands type and Range Multiplier. So it is worth spending some time to test the indicator based on these 2 factors on the asset traded, to maximise the profit potential by optimising the type and multiplier value.
In addition to the Range Bands, the indicator also plots Dynamic Support and Resistance bands that are more sensitive to price action and helps the user determine growing support/resistance which is indicated by coloured dots. These dots normally appear when the Support or Resistance stays at the same level for a few bars.
The expansion and contraction of the Support and Resistance bands also help in visualising the price volatility, and an extremely narrow squeeze of these levels within the Range Bands normally signals a lucrative market move. This is usually followed by a breakout from the bands and will be signalled by the Trade Entry plots (BUY and SELL).
The Dynamic Support and Resistance levels can be enabled or disabled from the settings. The fill between these dynamic levels helps the user to visualise the Bull and Bear strength/power. This fill can also be disabled from the settings if not required.
The indicator has a nice Fibonacci levels generator companion that helps spot near support and resistance levels using Fibonacci Retracement tool.
There are 3 types of Fib plots that can be chosen from the settings - Auto-Fibs, Fibs based on Lookback, Fibs based on Price Input .
The Auto-Fibs feature is used as default and it automatically plots fib retracement based on nearby significant high/low (highest from previous up and down trends). This is normally based on nearby trade entries too. Occasionally, during choppy markets/sideways movement, the range of these levels can be quite small and if close price exceeds the 4.618 fib level, one of the other Fib plot options can be used. Alternatively, Plot fibs from current high/low can also be used.
Fibs based on lookback can be used by choosing the number of candles or days lookback to help the indicator automatically find the high and low of the period to generate fib levels. Similarly, Fibs based on price input requires, user to manually enter the high and low price points for the indicator to generate fib levels based on user input.
The indicator has two colour schemes for the Dynamic Support/Resistance fill and bar colours. The coloured bars and the fill will help visualise the price trend. This can be changed or disabled from the settings.
The Fib levels can be disabled by unchecking lines and labels from the styles tab of indicator settings.
Long and Short entry Alerts can be created by using Once Per Bar Close .
The indicator does not repaint. Alerts may display potential repaint warning, but this is because the code uses bar index for fib labels. For confidence in the indicator, it can be tested using bar replay to make sure the real-time and bar replay trade entries and plots stay on the same bar/timestamp.
The different elements of the indicator are shown below in the chart.
===================================================================================================================
™TradeChartist Range Bands can also be connected to ™TradeChartist Plug and Trade to generate Targets, Stop Loss Plot etc. and other alerts can also be created. Use Range Bands Trend Identifier to connect as an Oscillatory Signal to Plug and Trade. Example chart shown below.
===================================================================================================================
Example charts:
1. ADA-USDT 4hr chart using Aggressive type and 1.618 Range Multiplier
2. ADA-USDT 4hr chart using Normal type and 1.618 Range Multiplier
3. XAU-USD 15m chart using Normal type and 1.618 Range Multiplier - Fibs based on 3 days lookback
4. DJI 4hr chart using Normal type and 2.0 Range Multiplier
5. GBP-USD 15m chart using Normal type and 1.618 Range Multiplier
6. LINK-USDT 1hr chart using Normal type and 1.236 Range Multiplier
===================================================================================================================
Best Practice: Test with different settings first using Paper Trades before trading with real money
===================================================================================================================
This is not a free to use indicator. Get in touch with me (PM me directly if you would like trial access to test the indicator)
Premium Scripts - Trial access and Information
Trial access offered on all Premium scripts.
PM me directly to request trial access to the scripts or for more information.
===================================================================================================================
Awesome Trend BandsHere I propose another band indicator, it is tuned to consider volatility expansion and compression, average possible movement, and RSI position to identify dominant sentiment in the market.
When you should go long that center band line will be colored lime when you are to enter shorts it will be red, this signal is great for trading both trending and contracting markets, so you can even trade mean reversion, it catches good moves.
And the best thing of all, it works on all markets/instruments and timeframes- without any inputs from the user.
Here are some charts>
Past performance is not an assurance of future performance, author is not responsible for your profit or loss.
Enjoy~
MedianBandsHere I propose another simple S/R band technique, works on all TF and all securities, this is again one of the simplest forms of logic with a little tweak to tackle modern volatile markets.
It enables us to trade both mean reversion as well as breakout trades as it works in both trending and non-trending markets. You can even use pre-existing ranges as good position management markers.
It requires little to no intervention from the user. The white line is the opening price of the day, I'm a big believer of that so you will find it everywhere in my indicators. :3
Past performance is not assurance of the future performance and this is for educational purposes only.
The script will be protected to avoid theft but you can add to your favorites to use it as you please.
Enjoy~
Kilted Nessie v1.0KILTED NESSIE v1.0
Description: Uses the “Kilted Strength Meter” for confirmation to take a trade as this system is designed for a ranging market (as shown).
This is a simple mechanical system that was tested on 30min charts with a very good win rate which is what we want from a mean reversion based system and it is designed for a 1:1 risk to reward ratio.
The key differentiator on this indicator which we see as a first on the Trading View Platform is a way of scoring your trade, so that you take a disciplined entry and able to journal that as evidence:
SETTINGS AND EXPLANATION
General Settings
- Show PinBars – This will highlight pinbars
- Show InsideBars – This will highlight inside bars
- Show Swing Highs – This will show high pivot points
- Show Swing Low – This will show low pivot points
1. If you are using the Kilted Strength Meter and you like using Bollinger bands then there is no reason why you can’t take trend based trades also when you see evidence of a trend starting, which is why we have added options to show Pin Bars, Inside Bars and swing highs and swing lows if you are a swing based trader. Yes this gives you a single indicator that provides you with trading opportunities when the market is going sideways and when the market is trending which is what we love about the Kilted Nessie. If you are just using the indicator to trade a sideways market then we recommend that you “untick” these options to keep things nice and simple instead.
ACCESS : If you need access to any of our indicators please use the link below to obtain access to this indicator or send us a private message on trading view.
BBPCTIndicator tracks percentage distance between current price and its historical deviations, to produce premium and discount zones, suggest mean reversions,cooldowns and pullbacks
Script so far is traditional,simple, and straight forward ,tinkered it real quick on friend request after failing to find properly done and intuitive work on Bollinger Bands % in pine library
It might or might not be re-published as open source or study protected script , really depends on how future updates goes,how much work will be put in and how unique end result will be.
//Input Options in first release
Option to switch between small (6) variety of filters
(This time no non-traditional filters to avoid overwhelming and confusing users ,current list still yields good diversity for changing indicators behavior and pinpointing best suited filtering direction, in future current types will be swapped with more advanced ones and consolidated into three options tailored for different market conditions - trending,ranging, and balanced(?) - jack of all trades master of none.)
Option to toggle basic warnings about possible reversals,option for colored bars(candles) and/or arrow plots
OB/OS levels can be adjusted via inputs
Note: Current default compiling will lack traditional values as i ditched them and set to personal preference, set to 100 0 for traditional look
Sigma can be changed in inputs,length obviously can be changed too
Source can be changed
//Upcoming updates
Polishment- algorithmic change for cores logic
Attempt to build logic to differentiate pullbacks from reversals
More complex reversal recognition and their confirmations
Proper color coding
//Screencaps
Dont use comment section for asking access , got two warnings already from tradingview moderators because people flood the comment section and apparently its offence from my end to not provide directions for access.
If u are willing to test indicator and actually deliver feedback,ideas, params - Dm(direct message) and we add u ,expiration timer will be set in place to clean up in case no feedback is delivered.
P.S its not likely i will add more people to testing after people count reach 40-50 or script becomes older than week
GMS: Candlestick Patterns with RSI FilterI wanted to apply an RSI filter to some of the new Candlestick Patterns (in the indicators tab) since some of them looked to be quite effective for picking reversals. Turns out it's a pretty good pairing.
You can modify the RSI length in addition to the upper and lower thresholds. I also added in check boxes to combine different bullish and bearish patterns.
The candlestick patterns included are:
1. Long Upper Shadow
2. Long Lower Shadow
3. Doji
4. Bullish Harami
5. Bearish Harami
6. Bullish Engulfing
7. Bearish Engulfing
Hope it helps!
Andre
Hammer & Shooting Star IndicatorA hammer candle is defined here as 1) the lower shadow (wick) is at least twice the length of the main body and 2) the close is in the top half of the range.
A shooting star has the opposite conditions 1) the upper shadow is at least twice the size of the main body and 2) the close is in the lower half of the range.
These candles should not be used by themselves but used in context ie with Bollinger bands, RSI or other oscillators they can form part of a mean reversion system.
Wick SniperThis indicator is free to all Oasis Trading Group members.
The Wick Sniper was created to catch volatile moves that are extended from the mean. It uses an advanced ATR formula to follow price like a band, with an upper deviation and a lower deviation. I have also added a 1 candle offset so that the moves are not in "hindsight". Feel free to experiment with the inputs to find what is best for your asset.
For Access or Questions: Private message us. Thank you.
Bars above/below EMACount of previous bars above or below a chosen Exponential Moving Average. Typically price reconnects with well defined EMAs regularly. If the price has been above/below an EMA for too long, you can expect a reconnect in a short order and bet on mean reversion strategies.
Channel ATR1 - What is the Channel ATR indicator
This is an envelope indicator (like the Bollinger bands indicator) used to evaluate how much the price diverge from it's moving average.
This indicator can be used as a system on it's own. I recommend to use it when the market goes side way, although, you can also use it when the market is trending.
What makes this indicator so relevant and reliable ? The use of the ATR to build the envelope. Read below if you wan to know more.
2 - How is the Channel ATR computed
The main component is an EMA. The envelope is made of 3 layers, each is the Average True Range, plot at a multiple distance from the EMA (1*EMA, 2*EMA, 3*EMA) . If you don't know what is the ATR, it's basically a measure of the volatility (you can read more about it here ).
Each layer of the envelope is a multiple of the measure of the volatility. Let's see how to use it.
3 - How to use the Channel ATR indicator
You can use this indicator in different strategies :
- Return to the mean: When the price goes out of the envelope, it's an excess of the market. You can take advantage of this by betting to a return to the EMA value.
- Trend following : If the market is tending, you can buy/sell when the price touch the EMA and place a target at another level in the envelope.
- Stop loss: Since each envelope layer is built from the ATR (i.e. the volatility), you can use it to place your stop at least at 1 ATR from your entry, to not be hit by the market noise.
- Find your own way : The Channel ATR is a very rich and powerful indicator, you can try to built your own trading system on the top of it.
EMA Mean Reversionthis is a mean reversion strategy using ema std deviations
use flat scaling 5 orders buy and sell - just close it back when it hits the VWMA
strategy operates to make dozens of small profitable trades in exchange for a larger loss on rare trending moves.
It works by projecting five 0.5% std deviations from the ema as volatility bands to help you scale into shorts and longs. generally flat scaling will work better than ascending. there is no SL logic for the strategy - positions should be closed when prices crosses back through the VWMA . To be used on lower timeframes only as the bands to do not expand or contract according to ATR
GMS: Mean Reversion StrategyThis is based on my GMS: Mean Reversion Indicator ()
Features:
- % Based Profit Target and Stop Loss
- SMA Trend Filter
- Can choose trade exit based off a moving average or linear regression curve
- Filter for long only trades, short only trades, or both at the same time.
Source code is open, so feel free to take a look!
I hope it helps,
Andre
Data MeanCalculating the Mean, given a set of data.
I'd assume BTCUSD needs to touch this on the daily, as it hasn't yet.
"reverting to the mean" is essential in market dynamics.
GMS: Mean Reversion IndicatorThis is just the close represented as a standard deviation away from an "x" period linear regression. You can select the price source as well.
PivotBoss Vwap BandsThis script has the Vwap and three standard deviation to it. Used for mean reversion
MXKE | Swing Trader AssistIntroduction
Swing Trader Assist indicator is designed to assist in the systematic identification of Hammers & Lookback signals within Uptrending markets, Stars & Lookback signals within Downtrending markets, and Mean Reversion signals within Sideways markets. The trader must first identify a strong market trend, then apply the indicator. Application of the indicator to weak trends will render equally weak signals. Application of the indicator to strong trends will render equally strong signals. Identification of strong trends is the responsibility of the individual trader and is instrumental to the successful deployment of this indicator and accompanying trading plan.
*Please comment below to request access*
*Please share with me on Twitter your usage and/or ideas for improvement so that I may improve this indicator in the future*
Market Types
Uptrend: Higher highs + Higher lows
Downtrend: Lower highs + Lower lows
Sideways: Higher highs + Lower lows (Expanding Range) or Lower highs + Higher lows (Narrowing Range)
Position Sizing
1R = .25%-2% of total nominal capital dependent upon timeframe and risk appetite
Order Types
Entry: Buy Stop 1 tick above High of “Up” Signal Bars; Sell Stop 1 tick below Low of “Down” Signal Bars
Stop: Bar Close <= 1 tick below Low of “Up” Signal Bar; Bar Close >= 1 tick above High of “Down” Signal Bar
Profit Target: 1.5R distance from “Up” or “Down” fill level with the option to trail stop on each new swing high/low; Bollinger Band Midline minimum 1.5R distance from “Sideways” fill level with option to trail stop on continuation to the opposite end of the range (opposite Bollinger Band)
Trading Plan
❑ Market Type is clearly identifiable as Up, Down or Sideways
❑ Swing Trader Assist indicator is set to the corresponding Market Type: Up, Down or Sideways
❑ Position size is no more than .25%-2% of total nominal capital (based on distance from Signal Bar fill level to Signal Bar stop level as 1R)
❑ Distance from Signal Bar fill level to potential Profit Target is minimum 1.5R
❑ On Hammer or Star fill: close position into trend extension at 1.5R+ or adjust trailing stop on each new swing high/low
❑ On Mean Reversion fill: close position at midline or adjust trailing stop on each continuation to opposite end of range
Usage Notes
The indicator will display developing signals intrabar and it is therefore suggested to wait until bar close to act on any signals. “Autodetect” setting under “Market Type” is currently in beta mode. While it is designed to reveal only relevant signals within strong trends based on a series of EMAs, this setting has not been extensively tested. Use with caution.
The indicator is not meant to be a mechanical trading system. It is designed to assist the trader in objectively and systematically identifying signal bars during the execution of the below swing trading plan. It is up to the trader to determine if overall price action warrants acting upon the signal bars or not.
Case Studies
MA strategyTrading strategy on moving averages. Based on Mean reversion. These algorithmic strategies are based on a concept that assumes a regular return of the price to a certain average level, provided that a sufficiently long time distance is considered. The main objective of such strategies is to determine the expected level of price return. Interconnected with Envelopes.
