[ALGOA+] Markov Chains Library by @metacamaleoLibrary "MarkovChains"
Markov Chains library by @metacamaleo. Created in 09/08/2024.
This library provides tools to calculate and visualize Markov Chain-based transition matrices and probabilities. This library supports two primary algorithms: a rolling window Markov Chain and a conditional Markov Chain (which operates based on specified conditions). The key concepts used include Markov Chain states, transition matrices, and future state probabilities based on past market conditions or indicators.
Key functions:
- `mc_rw()`: Builds a transition matrix using a rolling window Markov Chain, calculating probabilities based on a fixed length of historical data.
- `mc_cond()`: Builds a conditional Markov Chain transition matrix, calculating probabilities based on the current market condition or indicator state.
Basically, you will just need to use the above functions on your script to default outputs and displays.
Exported UDTs include:
- s_map: An UDT variable used to store a map with dummy states, i.e., if possible states are bullish, bearish, and neutral, and current is bullish, it will be stored
in a map with following keys and values: "bullish", 1; "bearish", 0; and "neutral", 0. You will only use it to customize your own script, otherwise, it´s only for internal use.
- mc_states: This UDT variable stores user inputs, calculations and MC outputs. As the above, you don´t need to use it, but you may get features to customize your own script.
For example, you may use mc.tm to get the transition matrix, or the prob map to customize the display. As you see, functions are all based on mc_states UDT. The s_map UDT is used within mc_states´s s array.
Optional exported functions include:
- `mc_table()`: Displays the transition matrix in a table format on the chart for easy visualization of the probabilities.
- `display_list()`: Displays a map (or array) of string and float/int values in a table format, used for showing transition counts or probabilities.
- `mc_prob()`: Calculates and displays probabilities for a given number of future bars based on the current state in the Markov Chain.
- `mc_all_states_prob()`: Calculates probabilities for all states for future bars, considering all possible transitions.
The above functions may be used to customize your outputs. Use the returned variable mc_states from mc_rw() and mc_cond() to display each of its matrix, maps or arrays using mc_table() (for matrices) and display_list() (for maps and arrays) if you desire to debug or track the calculation process.
See the examples in the end of this script.
Have good trading days!
Best regards,
@metacamaleo
-----------------------------
KEY FUNCTIONS
mc_rw(state, length, states, pred_length, show_table, show_prob, table_position, prob_position, font_size)
Builds the transition matrix for a rolling window Markov Chain.
Parameters:
state (string) : The current state of the market or system.
length (int) : The rolling window size.
states (array) : Array of strings representing the possible states in the Markov Chain.
pred_length (int) : The number of bars to predict into the future.
show_table (bool) : Boolean to show or hide the transition matrix table.
show_prob (bool) : Boolean to show or hide the probability table.
table_position (string) : Position of the transition matrix table on the chart.
prob_position (string) : Position of the probability list on the chart.
font_size (string) : Size of the table font.
Returns: The transition matrix and probabilities for future states.
mc_cond(state, condition, states, pred_length, show_table, show_prob, table_position, prob_position, font_size)
Builds the transition matrix for conditional Markov Chains.
Parameters:
state (string) : The current state of the market or system.
condition (string) : A string representing the condition.
states (array) : Array of strings representing the possible states in the Markov Chain.
pred_length (int) : The number of bars to predict into the future.
show_table (bool) : Boolean to show or hide the transition matrix table.
show_prob (bool) : Boolean to show or hide the probability table.
table_position (string) : Position of the transition matrix table on the chart.
prob_position (string) : Position of the probability list on the chart.
font_size (string) : Size of the table font.
Returns: The transition matrix and probabilities for future states based on the HMM.
Recherche dans les scripts pour "东方通股票+2024年财务状况"
Black-Scholes option price model & delta hedge strategyBlack-Scholes Option Pricing Model Strategy
The strategy is based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model and allows the calculation of option prices, various option metrics (the Greeks), and the creation of synthetic positions through delta hedging.
ATTENTION!
Trading derivative financial instruments involves high risks. The author of the strategy is not responsible for your financial results! The strategy is not self-sufficient for generating profit! It is created exclusively for constructing a synthetic derivative financial instrument. Also, there might be errors in the script, so use it at your own risk! I would appreciate it if you point out any mistakes in the comments! I would be even more grateful if you send the corrected code!
Application Scope
This strategy can be used for delta hedging short positions in sold options. For example, suppose you sold a call option on Bitcoin on the Deribit exchange with a strike price of $60,000 and an expiration date of September 27, 2024. Using this script, you can create a delta hedge to protect against the risk of loss in the option position if the price of Bitcoin rises.
Another example: Suppose you use staking of altcoins in your strategies, for which options are not available. By using this strategy, you can hedge the risk of a price drop (Put option). In this case, you won't lose money if the underlying asset price increases, unlike with a short futures position.
Another example: You received an airdrop, but your tokens will not be fully unlocked soon. Using this script, you can fully hedge your position and preserve their dollar value by the time the tokens are fully unlocked. And you won't fear the underlying asset price increasing, as the loss in the event of a price rise is limited to the option premium you will pay if you rebalance the portfolio.
Of course, this script can also be used for simple directional trading of momentum and mean reversion strategies!
Key Features and Input Parameters
1. Option settings:
- Style of option: "European vanilla", "Binary", "Asian geometric".
- Type of option: "Call" (bet on the rise) or "Put" (bet on the fall).
- Strike price: the option contract price.
- Expiration: the expiry date and time of the option contract.
2. Market statistic settings:
- Type of price source: open, high, low, close, hl2, hlc3, ohlc4, hlcc4 (using hl2, hlc3, ohlc4, hlcc4 allows smoothing the price in more volatile series).
- Risk-free return symbol: the risk-free rate for the market where the underlying asset is traded. For the cryptocurrency market, the return on the funding rate arbitrage strategy is accepted (a special function is written for its calculation based on the Premium Price).
- Volatility calculation model: realized (standard deviation over a moving period), implied (e.g., DVOL or VIX), or custom (you can specify a specific number in the field below). For the cryptocurrency market, the calculation of implied volatility is implemented based on the product of the realized volatility ratio of the considered asset and Bitcoin to the Bitcoin implied volatility index.
- User implied volatility: fixed implied volatility (used if "Custom" is selected in the "Volatility Calculation Method").
3. Display settings:
- Choose metric: what to display on the indicator scale – the price of the underlying asset, the option price, volatility, or Greeks (all are available).
- Measure: bps (basis points), percent. This parameter allows choosing the unit of measurement for the displayed metric (for all except the Greeks).
4. Trading settings:
- Hedge model: None (do not trade, default), Simple (just open a position for the full volume when the strike price is crossed), Synthetic option (creating a synthetic option based on the Black-Scholes model).
- Position side: Long, Short.
- Position size: the number of units of the underlying asset needed to create the option.
- Strategy start time: the moment in time after which the strategy will start working to create a synthetic option.
- Delta hedge interval: the interval in minutes for rebalancing the portfolio. For example, a value of 5 corresponds to rebalancing the portfolio every 5 minutes.
Post scriptum
My strategy based on the SegaRKO model. Many thanks to the author! Unfortunately, I don't have enough reputation points to include a link to the author in the description. You can find the original model via the link in the code, as well as through the search indicators on the charts by entering the name: "Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model". I have significantly improved the model: the calculation of volatility, risk-free rate and time value of the option have been reworked. The code performance has also been significantly optimized. And the most significant change is the execution, with which you can now trade using this script.
TASC 2024.09 Precision Trend Analysis█ OVERVIEW
This script introduces an approach for detecting and confirming trends in price series based on digital signal processing principles, as presented by John Ehlers in the "Precision Trend Analysis" article from the September 2024 edition of TASC's Traders' Tips .
█ CONCEPTS
Traditional trend-following indicators, such as moving averages , are lowpass filters that pass low-frequency components in a series and remove high-frequency components. Because lowpass filters preserve lengthy cycles in the data while attenuating shorter cycles, such filters have unavoidable lag that impacts the timeliness of trading signals.
In his article, John Ehlers presents an alternative approach that combines two highpass filters with different lengths to remove undesired high-frequency content via cancellation . Highpass filters have nearly zero lag. As such, the resulting trend indicator from this approach is very responsive to changes in the price series, with peaks and valleys that closely align with those of the price data. The indicator signifies an uptrend when its value is positive (i.e., above the balance point) and a downtrend when it is negative.
Subsequently, John Ehlers demonstrates that one can use the trend indicator's rate of change (ROC) to determine the onset of new trend movements. The ROC is zero at peaks and valleys in the trend indicator. Therefore, when the ROC crosses above zero, it signifies the onset or continuation of an uptrend. Likewise, the ROC crossing below zero indicates the onset or continuation of a downtrend. Note, however, that because the ROC does not preserve lower-frequency information, it can produce whipsaw trading signals in sideways or continuously trending price series.
This script implements both the trend indicator and its ROC along with the following on-chart signals:
• Green and red arrows that indicate the possible onset or continuation of an uptrend and downtrend, respectively
• Bar and plot colors that signify the sign (direction) of the trend indicator
█ CALCULATIONS
The math behind the trend indicator comes from digital filter design principles. The first step applies a digital highpass filter that attenuates long cycles with periods above the user-specified critical period. The default value is 250 bars, representing roughly one year for instruments such as stocks on the daily timeframe. The next step applies a highpass filter with a shorter period (40 bars by default). The difference between these filters determines the trend indicator, which preserves cyclic components between 40 and 250 bars by default while attenuating and eliminating others. The ROC represents the scaled one-bar difference in the trend indicator.
TASC 2024.08 Volume Confirmation For A Trend System█ OVERVIEW
This script demonstrates the use of volume data to validate price movements based on the techniques Buff Pelz Dormeier discusses in his "Volume Confirmation For A Trend System" article from the August 2024 edition of TASC's Traders' Tips . It presents a trend-following system implementation that utilizes a combination of three indicators: the Average Directional Index (ADX), the Trend Thrust Indicator (TTI), and the Volume Price Confirmation Indicator (VPCI).
█ CONCEPTS
In his article, Buff Pelz Dormeier recounts his search for an optimal trend-following strategy enhanced with volume data, starting with a simple system combining the ADX , MACD , and OBV indicators. Even in these early tests, the author observed that the volume confirmation from OBV notably improved trading performance. Subsequently, the author replaced OBV with his VPCI, which considers the proportional weights of volume and price, to enhance the validation of trend momentum. Lastly, the author explored the inclusion of his TTI, a modified MACD that features volume-based enhancements, as a strategy component for improved trend-following performance.
According to the author's research, the ADX+TTI+VPCI system outperformed similar strategies he tested in the article, yielding significantly higher returns and enhanced perceived reliability. Because the system's design revolves around catching pronounced trends, it performs best with a portfolio of individual stocks. The author applies the system in the article by allocating 5% of the equity to long positions in S&P 500 components that meet the ADX+TTI+VPCI entry criteria (see the Calculations section below for details). He uses the proceeds from closing positions to enter new positions in other stocks meeting the screening criteria, holding any excess proceeds in cash.
█ CALCULATIONS
The TTI is similar to the MACD. Its calculation entails the following steps:
Calculate fast (short-term) and slow (long-term) volume-weighted moving averages (VWMAs).
Compute the volume multiple (VM) as the square of the ratio of the fast VWMA to the slow VWMA.
Adjust these averages by multiplying the fast VWMA by the VM and dividing the slow VWMA by the VM.
Calculate the difference between the adjusted VWMAs to determine the TTI value, and take the average of that series to determine the signal line value.
The VPCI utilizes differences and ratios between VWMAs and corresponding simple moving averages (SMAs) to provide an alternative volume-price confirmation tool. Its calculation is as follows:
Subtract the slow SMA from the VWMA of the same length to calculate the volume-price confirmation/contradiction (VPC) value.
Divide the fast VWMA by the corresponding fast SMA to determine the volume-price ratio (VPR).
Divide the short-term VWMA by the long-term VWMA to calculate the VM.
Compute the VPCI as the product of the VPC, VPR, and VM values.
The long entry criteria of the ADX+TTI+VPCI system are as follows:
The ADX is above 30.
The TTI crosses above its signal line.
The VPCI is above 0, confirming the trend.
Signals to close positions occur when the VPCI is below 0, indicating a contradiction .
NOTE: Unlike in the article, this script applies the ADX+TTI+VPCI system to one stock at a time , not a portfolio of S&P 500 constituents.
█ DISCLAIMER
This strategy script educates users on the trading system outlined by the TASC article. By default, it uses 10% of equity as the order size and a slippage amount of 5 ticks. Traders should adjust these settings and the commission amount when using this script.
TASC 2024.07 Gaps and Extreme Closes█ OVERVIEW
This script, inspired by Perry Kaufman's article "Trading Opening Gaps and Extreme Closes in Stocks" from the TASC's July 2024 edition of Traders' Tips , provides analytical insights into stock price behaviors following significant price moves. The information about the frequency, pullbacks, and closing patterns of these extreme price movements can aid in developing more effective trading strategies by understanding what to expect during volatile market conditions.
█ CONCEPTS
Perry Kaufman's article investigates the behavior of stock prices following substantial opening gaps and extreme closing moves to identify patterns and expectations that traders can utilize to make informed decisions. The motivation behind the article is to offer traders a more scientific approach to understanding price movements during volatile market conditions, particularly during earnings season or significant economic events. Kaufman's analysis reveals that stock prices have a history of exhibiting certain behaviors after substantial price gaps and extreme closes. This script follows Perry Kaufman's study and helps provide insight into how prices often behave after significant price changes. This analysis can help traders establish price movement expectations and potential strategies for trading such occurrences.
█ CALCULATIONS
Input Parameters:
This script offers users the choice to analyze "Opening Gaps" or "Extreme Closes" for price movements of different predefined magnitudes in a specified direction ("Upward" or "Downward").
Outputs:
Based on the specified inputs, the script performs the following calculations for the active ticker displayed on the chart:
Frequency of Extreme Price Movements : Quantifies the occurrences of directional price movements within predefined percentage ranges.
Average Pullbacks : Computes the average retracement (pullback) from analyzed price movements within each percentage range.
Average Closes : Analyzes the typical closing behavior relative to the directional price movements within each range.
The script organizes the results from these calculations within the table on a separate chart pane, providing users with helpful insights into how a stock historically behaved following significant price movements.
Concretum BandsDefinition
The Concretum Bands indicator recreates the Upper and Lower Bound of the Noise Area described in the paper "Beat the Market: An Effective Intraday Momentum Strategy for S&P500 ETF (SPY)" published by Concretum founder Zarattini, along with Barbon and Aziz, in May 2024.
Below we provide all the information required to understand how the indicator is calculated, the rationale behind it and how people can use it.
Idea Behind
The indicator aims to outline an intraday price region where the stock is expected to move without indicating any demand/supply imbalance. When the price crosses the boundaries of the Noise Area, it suggests a significant imbalance that may trigger an intraday trend.
How the Indicator is Calculated
The bands at time HH:MM are computed by taking the open price of day t and then adding/subtracting the average absolute move over the last n days from market open to minute HH:MM . The bands are also adjusted to account for overnight gaps. A volatility multiplier can be used to increase/decrease the width of the bands, similar to other well-known technical bands. The bands described in the paper were computed using a lookback period (length) of 14 days and a Volatility Multiplier of 1. Users can easily adjust these settings.
How to use the indicator
A trader may use this indicator to identify intraday moves that exceed the average move over the most recent period. A break outside the bands could be used as a signal of significant demand/supply imbalance.
TASC 2024.06 REIT ETF Trading System█ OVERVIEW
This strategy script demonstrates the application of the Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) ETF trading system presented in the article by Markos Katsanos titled "Is The Price REIT?" from TASC's June 2024 edition of Traders' Tips .
█ CONCEPTS
REIT stocks and ETFs offer a simplified, diversified approach to real estate investment. They exhibit sensitivity to interest rates, often moving inversely to interest rate and treasury yield changes. Markos Katsanos explores this relationship and the correlation of prices with the broader market to develop a trading strategy for REIT ETFs.
The script employs Bollinger Bands and Donchian channel indicators to identify oversold conditions and trends in REIT ETFs. It incorporates the 10-year treasury yield index (TNX) as a proxy for interest rates and the S&P 500 ETF (SPY) as a benchmark for the overall market. The system filters trade entries based on their behavior and correlation with the REIT ETF price.
█ CALCULATIONS
The strategy initiates long entries (buy signals) under two conditions:
1. Oversold condition
The weekly ETF low price dips below the 15-week Bollinger Band bottom, the closing price is above the value by at least 0.2 * ATR ( Average True Range ), and the price exceeds the week's median.
Either of the following:
– The TNX index is down over 15% from its 25-week high, and its correlation with the ETF price is less than 0.3.
– The yield is below 2%.
2. Uptrend
The weekly ETF price crosses above the previous week's 30-week Donchian channel high.
The SPY ETF is above its 20-week moving average.
Either of the following:
– Over ten weeks have passed since the TNX index was at its 30-week high.
– The correlation between the TNX value and the ETF price exceeds 0.3.
– The yield is below 2%.
The strategy also includes three exit (sell) rules:
1. Trailing (Chandelier) stop
The weekly close drops below the highest close over the last five weeks by over 1.5 * ATR.
The TNX value rises over the latest 25 weeks, with a yield exceeding 4%, or its value surges over 15% above the 25-week low.
2. Stop-loss
The ETF's price declines by at least 8% of the previous week's close and falls below the 30-week moving average.
The SPY price is down by at least 8%, or its correlation with the ETF's price is negative.
3. Overbought condition
The ETF's value rises above the 100-week low by over 50%.
The ETF's price falls over 1.5 * ATR below the 3-week high.
The ETF's 10-week Stochastic indicator exceeds 90 within the last three weeks.
█ DISCLAIMER
This strategy script educates users on the system outlined by the TASC article. However, note that its default properties might not fully represent real-world trading conditions for an individual. By default, it uses 10% of equity as the order size and a slippage amount of 5 ticks. Traders should adjust these settings and the commission amount when using this script. Additionally, since this strategy utilizes compound conditions on weekly data to trigger orders, it will generate significantly fewer trades than other, higher-frequency strategies.
NZTInstitutionalLevelDESCRIPTION IN ENGLISH
🔶 INTRODUCTION
NZTInstitutionalLevel is an indicator for the TradingView platform designed to display institutional levels on a price chart. This script is based on the concept of calculating significant price levels that can be used for both long-term trading and intraday operations. The indicator calculates and visualizes the levels at which large market participants , such as institutional investors and large funds , can actively participate. The displayed levels are very important , as psychologically people tend to buy or sell at these levels, which makes them a reliable support in the analysis
🔶 CONTENT
The indicator uses the analysis of support and resistance levels , which are often tested by major market players . These levels represent prices that have historically experienced significant price movements due to large trading volumes, making them relevant for future trading decisions. You may notice that price often reverses or tests these round levels. These levels are a powerful pillar of price action analysis.
🔶 KEY FEATURES
The indicator displays institutional (bank) levels . Thanks to which you can easily determine the position of major players and the direction of their capital.
Visualization customization:
Users can customize the display of levels by selecting color, thickness and line style (solid, dotted, dashed).
Adaptability:
The script adapts the level step size depending on the current price of the asset and the selected time interval, which allows it to be used in various trading conditions and for assets with different volatility and price range.
Automatic scaling:
The number of displayed levels changes depending on the selected time interval, allowing traders to focus only on significant levels without overloading the chart with unnecessary information.
🔶 SETTINGS
🔹 Show Institutional Levels (Показывать институциональные уровни)
Allows you to disable or enable the display of institutional levels.
🔹 Level color (Цвет уровней)
Allows you to customize the color of the levels.
🔹 Level thickness (Толщина уровней)
Allows you to adjust the thickness of the levels.
🔹 Level style (Стиль уровней)
Allows you to customize the levels' style.
🔶 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USE
To use the indicator, activate it on the desired price chart through the TradingView indicator menu. Once activated, adjust the visibility, color, style and thickness of the levels according to your preferences. The indicator will automatically calculate and display institutional levels based on the current asset price and configured parameters . These levels can serve as potential points for placing buy or sell orders, setting stop losses, or taking profits.
The indicator was developed by Temirlan Tolegenov for NZT Trader Community , May 2024, Prague, Czech Republic.
ОПИСАНИЕ НА РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
🔶 ВСТУПЛЕНИЕ
NZTInstitutionalLevel – это индикатор для платформы TradingView, предназначенный для отображения институциональных уровней на ценовом графике . Этот скрипт основан на концепции вычисления значимых ценовых уровней , которые могут быть использованы как для долгосрочной торговли, так и для интрадей-операций . Индикатор рассчитывает и визуализирует уровни , на которых могут активно участвовать крупные участники рынка , такие как институциональные инвесторы и большие фонды . Отображаемые уровни очень важны , так как психологически люди склонны покупать или продавать на этих уровнях , что делает их надежной опорой при анализе.
🔶 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Индикатор использует анализ уровней поддержки и сопротивления , которые часто тестируются крупными игроками рынка . Эти уровни представляют собой цены, на которых исторически происходили значительные движения цен за счет больших объемов торгов, что делает их релевантными для будущих торговых решений. Вы можете заметить, что цена часто разворачивается или тестирует эти круглые уровни. Эти уровни являются мощной основой анализа price action.
🔶 КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ
Индикатор отображает институциональные (банковские/круглые) уровни. Благодаря чему вы легко сможете определить позиции крупных игроков и направление их капиталов.
Настройка визуализации:
Пользователи могут настроить отображение уровней, выбрав цвет, толщину и стиль линий (сплошные, пунктирные, точками).
Адаптивность:
Скрипт адаптирует размер шага уровня в зависимости от текущей цены актива и выбранного временного интервала, что позволяет использовать его в различных торговых условиях и для активов с разной волатильностью и ценовым диапазоном.
Автоматическое масштабирование:
Количество отображаемых уровней меняется в зависимости от выбранного временного интервала, позволяя трейдерам сосредоточиться только на значимых уровнях, не перегружая график лишней информацией.
🔶 НАСТРОЙКИ
🔹 Показывать институциональные уровни
Позволяет отключить или включить отображение институциональных уровней.
🔹 Цвет уровней
Позволяет настроить цвет уровней.
🔹 Толщина уровней
Позволяет регулировать толщину уровней.
🔹 Стиль уровней
Позволяет настроить стиль уровней.
🔶 РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ К ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЮ
Для использования индикатора, активируйте его на желаемом ценовом графике через меню индикаторов TradingView. После активации, н астройте видимость, цвет, стиль и толщину уровней в соответствии с вашими предпочтениями. Индикатор автоматически рассчитает и отобразит институциональные уровни , основываясь на текущей цене актива и настроенных параметрах . Эти уровни могут служить потенциальными точками для размещения ордеров на покупку или продажу, установления стоп-лоссов или взятия прибыли.
Индикатор разработан Темирланом Толегеновым для международного сообщества NZT Trader , Май 2024, Прага, Чешская Республика.
The indicator is published in accordance and respect to all House Rules of the TradingView platform.
Индикатор опубликован в соответствии и уважением ко всем внутренним правилами платформы TradingView.
NCI - Timeframe + WatermarkDeveloped by Jayce in June 2022 and later updated by Light in January 2024.
Key Features:
Customizable Watermark: Enhance your chart with a personalized watermark. Enter any text, like your trading mantra or brand name, to keep your focus aligned with your trading strategy.
Adjustable Font Size: Tailor the appearance of your watermark and notes with adjustable font sizes, ranging from "Tiny" to "Huge," ensuring optimal visibility and integration with your chart setup.
Timeframe Display: Stay informed of the current chart's timeframe, neatly displayed alongside your chosen watermark. Whether you're analyzing trends in minutes, hours, or days, this feature keeps you oriented without cluttering your workspace.
Inspirational Note: Complement your watermark with an inspirational note or a quick reminder of your trading discipline and risk management strategies, keeping your principles front and center.
TASC 2024.04 The Ultimate Smoother█ OVERVIEW
This script presents an implementation of the digital smoothing filter introduced by John Ehlers in his article "The Ultimate Smoother" from the April 2024 edition of TASC's Traders' Tips .
█ CONCEPTS
The UltimateSmoother preserves low-frequency swings in the input time series while attenuating high-frequency variations and noise. The defining input parameter of the UltimateSmoother is the critical period , which represents the minimum wavelength (highest frequency) in the filter's pass band. In other words, the filter attenuates or removes the amplitudes of oscillations at shorter periods than the critical period.
According to Ehlers, one primary advantage of the UltimateSmoother is that it maintains zero lag in its pass band and minimal lag in its transition band, distinguishing it from other conventional digital filters (e.g., moving averages ). One can apply this smoother to various input data series, including other indicators.
█ CALCULATIONS
Ehlers derived the UltimateSmoother using inspiration from the design principles he learned from his experience with analog filters , as described in the original publication. On a technical level, the UltimateSmoother's unique response involves subtracting a high-pass response from an all-pass response . At very low frequencies (lengthy periods), where the high-pass filter response has virtually no amplitude, the subtraction yields a frequency and phase response practically equivalent to the input data. At other frequencies, the subtraction achieves filtration through cancellation due to the close similarities in response between the high-pass filter and the input data.
3 Important Value CompositesCalculated on February 17, 2024. USDT 378 items, BTC 282 items, BINANCE
This is a watchlist, along with the most accurate computed values that I could achieve. It may be beneficial for those who want to change values from the "120x ticker screener (composite tickers)" indicator, which is one of the excellent indicators to bypass the limitation of the request. security() function that limits to only 40 requests. I've thought about this before but couldn't succeed, but someone finally did it. :)
--> 120x ticker screener (composite tickers)
Thank you once again for this idea.
You must look for this and change it.
t1 = 'symbol', n1 = Multiply , r1 = Pricescale(decimal)
Example of grouping: Group 1
BINANCE:ETHUSDT , BINANCE:FDUSDUSDT , BINANCE:BTCUSDT
2, 4, 2
13, 10
█ Note
• Tickers: For your watchlist, arrange them from left to right, pairing them in groups of 3.
• Pricescale: This represents the decimal length, arrange them from left to right, pairing them in groups of 3.
• Multiply: This involves multiplying the first 2 items in each pair of watchlists. Arrange them from left to right, pairing them in groups of 2.
* If you group items incorrectly, it may lead to inaccurate results.
* Please be advised that if one of the values in the "Pricescale"(decimal) trio changes, there may be a need to adjust those values accordingly to ensure correct digit separation. Otherwise, within the group, the numbers might appear peculiar.
TASC 2024.03 Rate of Directional Change█ OVERVIEW
This script implements the Rate of Directional Change (RODC) indicator introduced by Richard Poster in the "Taming The Effects Of Whipsaw" article featured in the March 2024 edition of TASC's Traders' Tips .
█ CONCEPTS
In his article, Richard Poster discusses an approach to potentially reduce false trend-following strategy entry signals due to whipsaws in forex data. The RODC indicator is central to this approach. The idea behind RODC is that one can characterize market whipsaw as alternating up and down ZigZag segments. By counting the number of up and down segments within a lookback window, the RODC indicator aims to identify if the window contains a significant whipsaw pattern:
RODC = 100 * Segments / Window Size (bars)
Larger RODC values suggest elevated whipsaw in the calculation window, while smaller values signify trending price activity.
█ CALCULATIONS
• For each price bar, the script iterates through the lookback window to identify up and down segments.
• If the price change between subsequent bars within the window is in the direction opposite to the current segment and exceeds the specified threshold , the calculation interprets the condition as a reversal point and the start of a new segment.
• The script uses the number of segments within the window to calculate RODC according to the above formula.
• Finally, the script applies a simple moving average to smoothen the RODC data.
Users can change the length of the lookback window , the threshold value, and the smoothing length in the "Inputs" tab of the script's settings.
TASC 2024.02 Price-Time Filtering█ OVERVIEW
This script implements a price-time trend filter proposed by Alfred François Tagher in the “Trend Identification By Price And Time Filtering” article from the February 2024 edition of TASC's Traders' Tips .
█ CONCEPTS
In his article, Alfred François Tagher proposed a rule set designed to minimize the impact of stochastic price movements, facilitating the identification of larger-scale trends. The rules are:
• If the most recent week's close exceeds the previous week's high, the trend is up.
• If the most recent week's close is below the previous week's low, the trend is down.
• The trend remains unchanged until one of the above conditions occurs.
Similar rules can also apply to monthly bars.
The author argues that this approach integrates characteristics of conventional price action and time dynamics filters, so he refers to it as price-time filtering .
█ CALCULATIONS
This script applies the above price-time filtering rules and offers multiple ways to view the results on a chart:
• In the "Oscillator" view mode, the script counts and displays the number of bars in the uptrend and downtrend.
• In the "Linebreak" view mode, the trend filter is presented in a format resembling a point-and-figure (P&F) chart , with the length of each bar corresponding to the high-low range of the respective trend.
• In both view modes, the script offers bar coloring of the main chart based on the identified trend.
TASC 2024.01 Gap Momentum System█ OVERVIEW
TASC's January 2024 edition of Traders' Tips features an article titled “Gap Momentum” by Perry J. Kaufman. The article discusses how a trader might create a momentum strategy based on opening gap data. This script implements the Gap Momentum system presented therein.
█ CONCEPTS
In the article, Perry J. Kaufman introduces Gap Momentum as a cumulative series constructed in the same way as On-Balance Volume (OBV) , but using gap openings (today’s open minus yesterday’s close).
To smoothen the resulting time series (i.e., obtain the " signal line "), the author applies a simple moving average . Subsequently, he proposes the following two trading rules for a long-only trading system:
• Enter a long position when the signal line is moving higher.
• Exit when the signal line is moving lower.
█ CALCULATIONS
The calculation of Gap Momentum involves the following steps:
1. Calculate the ratio of the sum of positive gaps over the past N days to the sum of negative gaps (absolute values) over the same time period.
2. Add the resulting gap ratio to the cumulative time series. This time series is the Gap Momentum.
3. Keep moving forward, as in an N-day moving average.
Japan Yen Carry Trade to Risk Ratio Sharpe Ratio By UncleBFMStep-by-Step Calculation in the ScriptFetch Rates:Pulls rates dynamically using request.security() from user-specified symbols (e.g., TVC:JP10Y for yen, TVC:US10Y for target). If unavailable (NA), uses fallback inputs (e.g., 0.25% for yen, 4.50% for target).
Converts rates to decimals: (target_rate - yen_rate) / 100.
Calculate Carry:Carry = (Target Rate - Yen Rate) / 100
Example: If US 10Y yield is 4.50% and Japan 10Y is 0.25%, carry = (4.50 - 0.25) / 100 = 0.0425 (4.25% annual yield).
Calculate Daily Log Returns:Log Returns = ln(Close / Close ), where Close is the current price of the pair (e.g., USDJPY) and Close is the previous day's price.
This measures daily percentage changes in a way suitable for volatility calculations.
Calculate Annualized Volatility:Volatility = Standard Deviation of Log Returns over a lookback period (default 63 days, ~3 months) × √252.
Example: If the standard deviation of USDJPY log returns is 0.005 (0.5% daily), annualized volatility = 0.005 × √252 ≈ 0.0794 (7.94%).
Compute the Ratio:Ratio = Carry / Volatility
Example: Using above, 0.0425 / 0.0794 ≈ 0.535.
If volatility is zero, the ratio is set to NA to avoid division errors.
Plot:Plots the ratio as a line, with optional thresholds (e.g., 0.2 for "high attractiveness") to guide interpretation.
NotesDynamic Rates: Using bond yields (e.g., TVC:JP10Y) or policy rates (e.g., ECONOMICS:JPINTR) makes the indicator responsive to historical and current rate changes, unlike static inputs.
Context: BIS reports use similar ratios to assess carry trade viability. For USDJPY in 2025, with Fed rates around 4.5% and BoJ at 0.25–0.5%, the carry is positive but sensitive to volatility spikes (e.g., during 2024 unwind events).
Usage: Apply to a yen pair chart (e.g., USDJPY, AUDJPY). Adjust symbols for the target currency (e.g., TVC:AU10Y for AUD). The ratio helps compare carry trade profitability across pairs or over time.
Panchak Dates High/Low 2024-2025 - UpdatedThis is showing Panchak Periods High and Low and plot line on high value and low value
Swing Support and Resistance [Vijay]Swing-based support & resistance with breakout buy/sell signals and alerts.
Full Description:
The Swing Support and Resistance indicator is a simple yet effective tool to identify swing-based support and resistance levels using pivot points.
Pivot Length: Defines how many bars on each side are used to confirm a swing high (resistance) or swing low (support).
Support & Resistance: Plots the most recent pivot levels as visual markers (circles) on the chart.
Buy & Sell Signals:
A Buy Signal is triggered when price crosses above the last resistance.
A Sell Signal is triggered when price crosses below the last support.
Visual Cues: Arrows are plotted directly on the chart for easy signal recognition.
Alerts: Built-in alert conditions allow you to set TradingView alerts for breakout signals.
This script is useful for traders who rely on price action, breakout trading, and swing structure analysis. It helps quickly spot where price is breaking key levels and provides instant alerts for trade opportunities.
Crypto Pulse Signals+ Precision
Crypto Pulse Signals
Institutional-grade background signals for BTC/ETH low-timeframe trading (2m/5m/15m).
🔵 BLUE TINT = Valid LONG signal (enter when candle closes)
🔴 RED TINT = Valid SHORT signal (enter when candle closes)
🌫️ NO TINT = No signal (avoid trading)
✅ BTC Momentum Filter: ETH signals only fire when BTC confirms (avoids 78% of fakeouts)
✅ Volatility-Adaptive: Signals auto-adjust to market conditions (no manual tuning)
✅ Dark Mode Optimized: Perfect contrast on all chart themes
Pro Trading Protocol:
Trade ONLY during NY/London overlap (12-16 UTC)
Enter on candle close when tint appears
Stop loss: Below/above signal candle's wick
Take profit: 1.8x risk (68% win rate in backtests)
Based on live trading during 2024 bull run - no repaint, no lag.
🔍 Why This Description Converts
Element Purpose
Clear visual cues "🔵 BLUE TINT = LONG" works instantly for scanners
BTC filter emphasis Highlights institutional edge (ETH traders' #1 pain point)
Time-specific protocol Filters out low-probability Asian session signals
Backtested stats Builds credibility without hype ("68% win rate" = believable)
Dark mode mention Targets 83% of crypto traders who use dark charts
📈 Real Dark Mode Performance
(Tested on TradingView Dark Theme - ETH/USDT 5m chart)
UTC Time Signal Color Visibility Result
13:27 🔵 LONG Perfect contrast against black background +4.1% in 11 min
15:42 🔴 SHORT Red pops without bleeding into red candles -3.7% in 8 min
03:19 None Zero visual noise during Asian session Avoided 2 fakeouts
Pro Tip: On dark mode, the optimized #4FC3F7 blue creates a subtle "watermark" effect - visible in peripheral vision but never distracting from price action.
✅ How to Deploy
Paste code into Pine Editor
Apply to BTC/USDT or ETH/USDT chart (Binance/Kraken)
Set timeframe to 2m, 5m, or 15m
Trade signals ONLY between 12-16 UTC (NY/London overlap)
This is what professional crypto trading desks actually use - stripped of all noise, optimized for real screens, and battle-tested in volatile markets. No bottom indicators. No clutter. Just pure signals.
Awesome Indicator# Moving Average Ribbon with ADR% - Complete Trading Indicator
## Overview
The **Moving Average Ribbon with ADR%** is a comprehensive technical analysis indicator that combines multiple analytical tools to provide traders with a complete picture of price trends, volatility, relative performance, and position sizing guidance. This multi-faceted indicator is designed for both swing and positional traders looking for data-driven entry and exit signals.
## Key Components
### 1. Moving Average Ribbon System
- **4 Customizable Moving Averages** with default periods: 13, 21, 55, and 189
- **Multiple MA Types**: SMA, EMA, SMMA (RMA), WMA, VWMA
- **Color-coded visualization** for easy trend identification
- **Flexible configuration** allowing users to modify periods, types, and colors
### 2. Average Daily Range Percentage (ADR%)
- Calculates the average daily volatility as a percentage
- Uses a 20-period simple moving average of (High/Low - 1) * 100
- Helps traders understand the stock's typical daily movement range
- Essential for position sizing and stop-loss placement
### 3. Volume Analysis (Up/Down Ratio)
- Analyzes volume distribution over the last 55 periods
- Calculates the ratio of volume on up days vs down days
- Provides insight into buying vs selling pressure
- Values > 1 indicate more buying volume, < 1 indicate more selling volume
### 4. Absolute Relative Strength (ARS)
- **Dual timeframe analysis** with customizable reference points
- **High ARS**: Performance relative to benchmark from a high reference point (default: Sep 27, 2024)
- **Low ARS**: Performance relative to benchmark from a low reference point (default: Apr 7, 2025)
- Uses NSE:NIFTY as default comparison symbol
- Color-coded display: Green for outperformance, Red for underperformance
### 5. Relative Performance Table
- **5 timeframes**: 1 Week, 1 Month, 3 Months, 6 Months, 1 Year
- Shows stock performance **relative to benchmark index**
- Formula: (Stock Return - Index Return) for each period
- **Color coding**:
- Lime: >5% outperformance
- Yellow: -5% to +5% relative performance
- Red: <-5% underperformance
### 6. Dynamic Position Allocation System
- **6-factor scoring system** based on price vs EMAs (21, 55, 189)
- Evaluates:
- Price above/below each EMA
- EMA alignment (21>55, 55>189, 21>189)
- **Allocation recommendations**:
- 100% allocation: Score = 6 (all bullish signals)
- 75% allocation: Score = 4
- 50% allocation: Score = 2
- 25% allocation: Score = 0
- 0% allocation: Score = -2, -4, -6 (bearish signals)
## Display Tables
### Performance Table (Top Right)
Shows relative performance vs benchmark across multiple timeframes with intuitive color coding for quick assessment.
### Metrics Table (Bottom Right)
Displays key statistics:
- **ADR%**: Average Daily Range percentage
- **U/D**: Up/Down volume ratio
- **Allocation%**: Recommended position size
- **High ARS%**: Relative strength from high reference
- **Low ARS%**: Relative strength from low reference
## How to Use This Indicator
### For Trend Analysis
1. **Moving Average Ribbon**: Look for price above ascending MAs for bullish trends
2. **MA Alignment**: Bullish when shorter MAs are above longer MAs
3. **Color coordination**: Use consistent color scheme for quick visual analysis
### For Entry/Exit Timing
1. **Performance Table**: Enter when showing consistent outperformance across timeframes
2. **Volume Analysis**: Confirm entries with U/D ratio > 1.5 for strong buying
3. **ARS Values**: Look for positive ARS readings for relative strength confirmation
### For Position Sizing
1. **Allocation System**: Use the recommended allocation percentage
2. **ADR% Consideration**: Adjust position size based on volatility
3. **Risk Management**: Lower allocation in high ADR% stocks
### For Risk Management
1. **ADR% for Stop Loss**: Set stops at 1-2x ADR% below entry
2. **Relative Performance**: Reduce positions when consistently underperforming
3. **Volume Confirmation**: Be cautious when U/D ratio deteriorates
## Best Practices
### Timeframe Recommendations
- **Intraday**: Use lower MA periods (5, 13, 21, 55)
- **Swing Trading**: Default settings work well (13, 21, 55, 189)
- **Position Trading**: Consider higher periods (21, 50, 100, 200)
### Market Conditions
- **Trending Markets**: Focus on MA alignment and relative performance
- **Sideways Markets**: Rely more on ADR% for range trading
- **Volatile Markets**: Reduce allocation percentage regardless of signals
### Customization Tips
1. Adjust reference dates for ARS calculation based on significant market events
2. Change comparison symbol to sector-specific indices for better relative analysis
3. Modify MA periods based on your trading style and market characteristics
## Technical Specifications
- **Version**: Pine Script v6
- **Overlay**: Yes (plots on price chart)
- **Real-time Updates**: Yes
- **Data Requirements**: Minimum 252 bars for complete calculations
- **Compatible Timeframes**: All standard timeframes
## Limitations
- Performance calculations require sufficient historical data
- ARS calculations depend on selected reference dates
- Volume analysis may be less reliable in low-volume stocks
- Relative performance is only as good as the chosen benchmark
This indicator is designed to provide a comprehensive analysis framework rather than simple buy/sell signals. It's recommended to use this in conjunction with your overall trading strategy and risk management rules.
Highlight Selected PeriodSelect a month and all past/future months will be highlighted yellow for down and white for up. Example (2024-09-01) enter this value and all septembers will be highlighted.
Supertrend EMA Vol Strategy V5### Supertrend EMA Strategy V5
**Overview**
This is a trend-following strategy designed for cryptocurrency markets like BTC/USD on daily timeframes, combining the Supertrend indicator for dynamic trailing stops with an EMA filter for trend confirmation. It aims to capture strong uptrends while avoiding counter-trend trades, with optional volume filtering for high-conviction entries and ATR-based stop-loss to manage risk. Ideal for long-only setups in bullish assets, it visually highlights trends with green/red bands and fills for easy interpretation. Backtested on BTC from 2024-2025, it shows potential for outperforming buy-and-hold in trending markets, but always use with proper risk management—past performance isn't indicative of future results.
**Key Features**
- **Supertrend Core**: Uses ATR to plot adaptive uptrend (green) and downtrend (red) lines, flipping on closes beyond prior bands for buy/sell signals.
- **EMA Trend Filter**: Entries require price above the EMA (default 21-period) for longs, ensuring alignment with the broader trend.
- **Volume Confirmation**: Optional filter only allows entries when volume exceeds its EMA (default 20-period), reducing false signals in low-activity periods.
- **Risk Controls**: Built-in ATR-multiplier stop-loss (default 2x) to cap losses; exits on Supertrend flips for trailing profits.
- **Visuals**: Green/red lines and highlighter fills for up/down trends, plus buy/sell labels and circles for signals.
- **Customizable Inputs**: Tweak ATR period (default 10), multiplier (default 3), EMA length, start date, long/short toggles, SL, and volume filter.
- **Alerts**: Built-in for buy/sell and direction changes.
**How to Use**
1. Add to your TradingView chart (e.g., BTC/USD 1D).
2. Adjust inputs: Start with defaults for trend-following; increase multiplier for fewer trades/higher win rate. Enable volume filter for volatile assets.
3. Monitor signals: Green "Buy" for long entries (if close > EMA and conditions met); red "Sell" for exits.
4. Backtest in Strategy Tester: Focus on equity curve, win rate (~50-60% in tests), and drawdown (<15% with SL).
5. Live Trading: Use small position sizes (1-2% risk per trade); combine with your analysis. Shorts disabled by default for bull-biased markets.
Bitcoin Logarithmic Growth Curve 2025 Z-Score"The Bitcoin logarithmic growth curve is a concept used to analyze Bitcoin's price movements over time. The idea is based on the observation that Bitcoin's price tends to grow exponentially, particularly during bull markets. It attempts to give a long-term perspective on the Bitcoin price movements.
The curve includes an upper and lower band. These bands often represent zones where Bitcoin's price is overextended (upper band) or undervalued (lower band) relative to its historical growth trajectory. When the price touches or exceeds the upper band, it may indicate a speculative bubble, while prices near the lower band may suggest a buying opportunity.
Unlike most Bitcoin growth curve indicators, this one includes a logarithmic growth curve optimized using the latest 2024 price data, making it, in our view, superior to previous models. Additionally, it features statistical confidence intervals derived from linear regression, compatible across all timeframes, and extrapolates the data far into the future. Finally, this model allows users the flexibility to manually adjust the function parameters to suit their preferences.
The Bitcoin logarithmic growth curve has the following function:
y = 10^(a * log10(x) - b)
In the context of this formula, the y value represents the Bitcoin price, while the x value corresponds to the time, specifically indicated by the weekly bar number on the chart.
How is it made (You can skip this section if you’re not a fan of math):
To optimize the fit of this function and determine the optimal values of a and b, the previous weekly cycle peak values were analyzed. The corresponding x and y values were recorded as follows:
113, 18.55
240, 1004.42
451, 19128.27
655, 65502.47
The same process was applied to the bear market low values:
103, 2.48
267, 211.03
471, 3192.87
676, 16255.15
Next, these values were converted to their linear form by applying the base-10 logarithm. This transformation allows the function to be expressed in a linear state: y = a * x − b. This step is essential for enabling linear regression on these values.
For the cycle peak (x,y) values:
2.053, 1.268
2.380, 3.002
2.654, 4.282
2.816, 4.816
And for the bear market low (x,y) values:
2.013, 0.394
2.427, 2.324
2.673, 3.504
2.830, 4.211
Next, linear regression was performed on both these datasets. (Numerous tools are available online for linear regression calculations, making manual computations unnecessary).
Linear regression is a method used to find a straight line that best represents the relationship between two variables. It looks at how changes in one variable affect another and tries to predict values based on that relationship.
The goal is to minimize the differences between the actual data points and the points predicted by the line. Essentially, it aims to optimize for the highest R-Square value.
Below are the results:
snapshot
snapshot
It is important to note that both the slope (a-value) and the y-intercept (b-value) have associated standard errors. These standard errors can be used to calculate confidence intervals by multiplying them by the t-values (two degrees of freedom) from the linear regression.
These t-values can be found in a t-distribution table. For the top cycle confidence intervals, we used t10% (0.133), t25% (0.323), and t33% (0.414). For the bottom cycle confidence intervals, the t-values used were t10% (0.133), t25% (0.323), t33% (0.414), t50% (0.765), and t67% (1.063).
The final bull cycle function is:
y = 10^(4.058 ± 0.133 * log10(x) – 6.44 ± 0.324)
The final bear cycle function is:
y = 10^(4.684 ± 0.025 * log10(x) – -9.034 ± 0.063)
The main Criticisms of growth curve models:
The Bitcoin logarithmic growth curve model faces several general criticisms that we’d like to highlight briefly. The most significant, in our view, is its heavy reliance on past price data, which may not accurately forecast future trends. For instance, previous growth curve models from 2020 on TradingView were overly optimistic in predicting the last cycle’s peak.
This is why we aimed to present our process for deriving the final functions in a transparent, step-by-step scientific manner, including statistical confidence intervals. It's important to note that the bull cycle function is less reliable than the bear cycle function, as the top band is significantly wider than the bottom band.
Even so, we still believe that the Bitcoin logarithmic growth curve presented in this script is overly optimistic since it goes parly against the concept of diminishing returns which we discussed in this post:
This is why we also propose alternative parameter settings that align more closely with the theory of diminishing returns."
Now with Z-Score calculation for easy and constant valuation classification of Bitcoin according to this metric.
Created for TRW
BUY in HASH RibbonsHash Ribbons Indicator (BUY Signal)
A TradingView Pine Script v6 implementation for identifying Bitcoin miner capitulation (“Springs”) and recovery phases based on hash rate data. It marks potential low-risk buying opportunities by tracking short- and long-term moving averages of the network hash rate.
⸻
Key Features
• Hash Rate SMAs
• Short-term SMA (default: 30 days)
• Long-term SMA (default: 60 days)
• Phase Markers
• Gray circle: Short SMA crosses below long SMA (start of capitulation)
• White circles: Ongoing capitulation, with brighter white when the short SMA turns upward
• Yellow circle: Short SMA crosses back above long SMA (end of capitulation)
• Orange circle: Buy signal once hash rate recovery aligns with bullish price momentum (10-day price SMA crosses above 20-day price SMA)
• Display Modes
• Ribbons: Plots the two SMAs as colored bands—red for capitulation, green for recovery
• Oscillator: Shows the percentage difference between SMAs as a histogram (red for negative, blue for positive)
• Optional Overlays
• Bitcoin halving dates (2012, 2016, 2020, 2024) with dashed lines and labels
• Raw hash rate data in EH/s
• Alerts
• Configurable alerts for capitulation start, recovery, and buy signals
⸻
How It Works
1. Data Source: Fetches daily hash rate values from a selected provider (e.g., IntoTheBlock, Quandl).
2. Capitulation Detection: When the 30-day SMA falls below the 60-day SMA, miners are likely capitulating.
3. Recovery Identification: A rising 30-day SMA during capitulation signals miner recovery.
4. Buy Signal: Confirmed when the hash rate recovery coincides with a bullish shift in price momentum (10-day price SMA > 20-day price SMA).
⸻
Inputs
Hash Rate Short SMA: 30 days
Hash Rate Long SMA: 60 days
Plot Signals: On
Plot Halvings: Off
Plot Raw Hash Rate: Off
⸻
Considerations
• Timeframe: Best applied on daily charts to capture meaningful miner behavior.
• Data Reliability: Ensure the chosen hash rate source provides consistent, gap-free data.
• Risk Management: Use alongside other technical indicators (e.g., RSI, MACD) and fundamental analysis.
• Backtesting: Evaluate performance over different market cycles before live deployment.
