DT-OscillatorThis is Robert C. Miner's DT Oscillator, a version of the Stochastics & RSI.
See his book, High Probability Trading Strategies
There are four possible parameter combinations for this indicator:
8,5,3,3 Monthly,Weekly,Daily
13,8,5,5 Weekly,Daily,H4
21,13,8,8 Daily,H4,H1
34,21,13,13 H4,H1,M15
Recherche dans les scripts pour "oscillator"
Premium Stochastic OscillatorThe PSO is a rewired version of a short-period stochastic. Unlike a standard stochastic oscillator, this indicator is normalized to register neutral values at zero while providing greater sensitivity to short-term price moves. This indicator uses a central zero line as a reference point and will oscillate above and below this point as price fluctuates. In addition, the PSO is smoothed by using a double exponential moving average to provide a more even response to turns in the market.
(from TASC magazine, August 2008 issue).
The Premium Stochastic Oscillator was introduced by technical analyst Lee Leibfarth.
Reflex Oscillator - Dr. John EhlersHot off the press, I present this NEW "Reflex Oscillator" employing PSv4.0, originally formulated by Dr. John Ehlers for TASC - February 2020 Traders Tips. John Ehlers might describe it's novel characteristics as being a reversal sensitive near zero-lag averaging indicator retaining the CYCLE component. Also, I would add that irregardless of the sampling interval, this indicator has a bound range between +/-2.0 on "1 second" candles all the way up to "1 month" candle durations. This indicator also has a companion indicator entitled "TrendFlex Oscillator". I have published it in tandem with this one in my scripts profile.
One notable difference between this and the original formulation is that I have added an independent control for the Super Smoother. This "tweak" is enabled by applying the override and adjusting it's period. There is a "Post Smooth" input() that "tweaks" the internal Reflex EMA too. Keep in mind that my intention of adding tweaks is solely for experimentation with the original formulation.
I also added adjustable levels for those of you that may wish to employ alertcondition()s to this indicator somehow. Providing a more utilitarian approach, I created this with an easy to use reusable function named reflex(). As always, I have included advanced Pine programming techniques that conform to proper "Pine Etiquette". Being this is one of John Ehlers' first two simultaneously released indicators for 2020, I felt a few more bells and whistles were appropriate as a proper contribution to the Tradingview community.
Features List Includes:
Dark Background - Easily disabled in indicator Settings->Style for "Light" charts or with Pine commenting
AND much, much more... You have the source!
The comments section below is solely just for commenting and other remarks, ideas, compliments, etc... regarding only this indicator, not others. When available time provides itself, I will consider your inquiries, thoughts, and concepts presented below in the comments section, should you have any questions or comments regarding this indicator. When my indicators achieve more prevalent use by TV members, I may implement more ideas when they present themselves as worthy additions. As always, "Like" it if you simply just like it with a proper thumbs up, and also return to my scripts list occasionally for additional postings. Have a profitable future everyone!
PVT Osc - Price Volume Trend Oscillator [UTS]The oscillator version of the Price Volume Trend indicator (PVT) can be considered as a leading indicator of future price movements. The PVT Indicator is similar to the On Balance Volume indicator as it is also used to measure the strength of a trend.
The difference between the OBV and the PVT is that where the OBV adds all volumes when price achieves higher daily closes and subtracts them when price registers a lower daily close, the PVT adds or subtracts only a portion of the volume from the cumulative total in relation to a percentage change in price.
The general market consensus is that this difference enables the PVT to more accurately represent money flow volumes in and out of a stock or commodity.
The PVT has been designed so that it is capable of forecasting directional changes in price. For instance, if the price of a stock is rising and the PVT begins to fall, then this is indicative that a price reversal could occur very soon.
The general consensus is that the PVT is more accurate at detecting new trading opportunities than the OBV because of the differences in their construction. The OBV is designed so that it adds the same amount of volume whether the price closes upwards by just a small fraction or by multiples of its day opening value. On the other hand, the PVT adds volume proportional to the amount the price closed higher.
General Usage
Plain old PVT can be used to confirm trends, as well as spot possible trading signals due to divergences.
A benefit of the oscillator version is that it can produce LONG or SHORT signals on zero line cross.
Or controversy, disallow LONG trades in bearish territory and disallow SHORT trades in bullish territory.
Moving Averages
4 different Moving Averages are available:
EMA (Exponential Moving Average)
SMA (Simple Moving Average)
VWMA (Volume Weighted Moving Average)
WMA (Weighted Moving Average)
Complex Oscillator [-W-]Eng.
Tradingview in the free version has a limitation - you can only use three indicators on the chart.
Complex Oscillator indicator combines several indicators in one, it is:
- RSI
- Stochastic
- WPR (%R)
- Volumes
The first three are chosen because their values are in the range |0-100| and one scale can be used for them.
The volumes are added because I personally feel sorry to allocate one of the three available places for them. =)
It is much more convenient to use them together with some other indicator.
Volumes also in the range 0-100, that is, they will not show the real numerical value, but only the value relative to the previous volumes.
You can display all the indicators at once or only a few of them.
The chart above shows the same indicator in three different variations.
If you know any other standard indicators with values in the range |0-100|, write in the comments, I will add to this indicator.
Rus.
Tradingview в бесплатной версии имеет ограничение - вы можете использовать только три индикатора на графике.
Индикатор Complex Oscillator объединяет несколько индикаторов в одном, это:
- RSI
- Stochastic
- WPR (%R)
- Volumes
Первые три выбраны из-за того, что их значения лежат в диапазоне |0-100| и для них можно использовать одну шкалу.
Объёмы добавлены, потому что лично мне жалко выделять для них одно из трёх доступных мест. =)
Намного удобнее использовать их вместе с каким-нибудь другим индикатором.
Объёмы относительные, тоже лежат в диапазоне 0-100, то есть реальное численное значение они не покажут, а только величину относительно предыдущих объёмов.
Вы можете вывести показания сразу всех индикаторов или только нескольких из них.
На графике выше представлен один и тот же индикатор в трёх разных вариациях.
Если вы знаете ещё какие-нибудь стандартные индикаторы со значениями в интервале |0-100|, напишите в комментариях, я добавлю в этот индикатор.
Projection Oscillator - Mel Widner, Ph.D.For any Mel Widner, Ph.D fans out there, I present this decades old "Projection Oscillator" employing PSv4.0, originally formulated by Mel Widner for TASC - July of 1995 Traders Tips. Just when you may have thought it was the end of the evolutionary line for Mel Widner technology, it's not! Basically it's a hybridization of linear regression, banding, and a stochastic rolled into one. It's purpose is intended to help identify reversal points.
While working on another member's project, I discovered other implementations on TV and a few scarcely found on the internet, they are not entirely correct and not in a package like this. I'm submitting this as a complimentary indicator for their trading system AND also for the TV community for hybridized indicator evolution. My implementation is a heavily modified version of the original indicator using novel techniques, surpassing Widner's original intended design.
Utilizing the "Power of Pine", I included the maximum amount of features I could surmise in an ultra small yet impressive package. Configurations are displayed above in multiple scenarios that should be suitable for most traders. Of notable mention, the original design was a range from 0-100 just like any other stochastic, but I rescaled the oscillator more towards a zero mean unity scale(+/-1.0), while still leaving the waveforms completely intact.
Features List Includes:
Dark Background - Easily disabled in indicator Settings->Style for "Light" charts or with Pine commenting
AND much, much more... you have the source!
For those of you who are new to Pine Script, this script also may help you understand advanced programming techniques in Pine and how they may be utilized in a most effective manner. I would like to see Tradingview become the go to platform for the best indicators attainable with this contribution to the TV community. This is commonly what my dense intricate code looks like behind the veil. If you are wondering why there is no notes, that's because the notation is in the variable naming. If you wish to contribute additional ideas, please do so below in the comments about all things Pine in regards to this indicator.
NOTICE: Copy pasting bandits who may be having nefarious thoughts, DO NOT attempt this, because this may violate Tradingview's terms, conditions and/or house rules regarding publishing and "fair" reuse of code. "WE" are always watching the TV community vigilantly for mischievous behaviors and actions that exploit well intended authors for the purpose of unscrupulously increasing brownie points in reputation scores. Hiding behind a "protected" wall may not protect you from investigation and account penalization by TV staff. Be respectful, and don't just throw a meaningless feature in there, then branding it as "your" gizmo if you reuse this code for publishing another indicator. Fair enough? Alrighty then... I firmly believe in "innovating" future state-of-the-art indicators, and please contact me if you wish to do so.
The comments section below is solely just for commenting and other remarks, ideas, compliments, etc... regarding only this indicator, not others. When available time provides itself, I will consider your inquiries, thoughts, and concepts presented below in the comments section if you do have any questions or comments regarding this indicator. When my indicators achieve more prevalent use by TV members, I may implement more ideas when they present themselves as worthy additions. As always, "Like" it if you simply just like it with a proper thumbs up, and also return to my scripts list occasionally for additional postings. Have a profitable future everyone!
John Ehlers Universal Oscillator [mwlang]This version of John Ehlers Universal Oscillator fixes a degrees to radians bug in LazyBear's version published here:
APEX - Absolute Price Oscillator [v1]The Absolute Price Oscillator is calculated as a difference of two moving averages of an asset and is expressed as an absolute value. It rates the strength of the trend. This Oscillator can be used primarily as a filter for stronger trends or for coin specific strategies.
Values are a coin and Moving average base specific.
[astropark] MACD, RSI+, Awesome Oscillator, DMI, ADX, OBV//******************************************************************************
// Copyright by astropark v4.0.0
// MACD, RSI+, Awesome Oscillator, DMI, ADX, OBV
// 24/10/2018 Added RSI with Center line to have clear glue of current trend
// 10/12/2018 Added MACD
// 13/12/2018 Added multiplier for MACD in order to make it clearly visible over RSI graph
// 11/01/2019 Added Awesome Oscillator (AO)
// 11/01/2019 Added Directional Movement Index (DMI) with ADX
// 14/01/2019 Added On Balance Volume (OBV)
//******************************************************************************
WaveTrend Oscillator (Dark Mode) [Krypt]My WaveTrend Oscillator indicator optimized for dark backgrounds. The light mode is available here:
AWESOME OSCILLATOR V2 by KIVANCfr3762AWESOME OSCILLATOR V2 by KIVANC @fr3762
CONVERTING THE OSCILLATOR to a curved line and added a 7 period SMA as a signal line,
crosses are BUY or SELL signals like in MACD
Buy: when AO line crosses above signal line
Sell: when Signal line crosses above AO line
Oscillator Moving Average (OsMA)This code for Oscillator of Moving Averages (OsMA) is based on MACD 4C indicator code published by vkno422 . Many thanks to vkno422. I have borrowed the concept of 4 colours which I find very useful.
For those who are not familiar with OsMA, it is histogram of difference between MACD (oscillator) and its MA (signal line). The zero line cross over of this indicator is used in many strategies.
This version includes MACD & its signal line together with OsMA histogram. I have programmed flexibility for switching OFF/ON individual indicator components as well as changing the periods for various moving averages.
I am dedicating this indicator to the TV trading community hoping that people will find it useful.
DEMA HMA Z-score OscillatorThis custom oscillator combines the power of the Hull Moving Average (HMA) with the Z-Score to identify momentum shifts and potential trend reversals. The Z-Score measures how far the current HMA is from its historical mean, helping to spot overbought or oversold conditions.
Uptrend: Long signals are generated when the Z-Score crosses above the defined Long Threshold.
Downtrend: Short signals are triggered when the Z-Score drops below the Short Threshold.
Visuals: The Z-Score is plotted along with background color changes and fills to clearly indicate trend strength. Green fills highlight uptrends, while pink fills indicate downtrends.
Alerts: Alerts are available for both long and short conditions based on Z-Score crossovers.
Customizable Inputs:
HMA Length
Smoothing Length (for DEMA)
Z-Score Length
Long and Short Thresholds
This indicator is ideal for detecting momentum shifts, confirming trend strength, and helping to time entry/exit points in your trading strategy.
RSI Wave Function Ultimate OscillatorEnglish Explanation of the "RSI Wave Function Ultimate Oscillator" Pine Script Code
Understanding the Code
Purpose:
This Pine Script code creates a custom indicator that combines the Relative Strength Index (RSI) with a wave function to potentially provide more nuanced insights into market dynamics.
Key Components:
* Wave Function: This is a custom calculation that introduces a sinusoidal wave component to the price data. The frequency parameter controls the speed of the oscillation, and the decay factor determines how quickly the influence of past prices diminishes.
* Smoothed Signal: The wave function is applied to the closing price to create a smoothed signal, which is essentially a price series modulated by a sine wave.
* RSI: The traditional RSI is then calculated on this smoothed signal, providing a measure of the speed and change of price movements relative to recent price changes.
Calculation Steps:
* Wave Function Calculation:
* A sinusoidal wave is generated based on the bar index and the frequency parameter.
* The wave is combined with the closing price using a weighted average, where the decay factor determines the weight given to previous values.
* RSI Calculation:
* The RSI is calculated on the smoothed signal using a standard RSI formula.
* Plotting:
* The RSI values are plotted on a chart, along with horizontal lines at 70 and 30 to indicate overbought and oversold conditions.
* The area between the RSI line and the overbought/oversold lines is filled with color to visually represent the market condition.
Interpretation and Usage
* Wave Function: The wave function introduces cyclical patterns into the price data, which can help identify potential turning points or momentum shifts.
* RSI: The RSI provides a measure of the speed and change of price movements relative to recent price changes. When applied to the smoothed signal, it can help identify overbought and oversold conditions, as well as potential divergences between price and momentum.
* Combined Indicator: The combination of the wave function and RSI aims to provide a more sensitive and potentially earlier indication of market reversals.
* Signals:
* Crossovers: Crossovers of the RSI line above or below the overbought/oversold lines can be used to generate buy or sell signals.
* Divergences: Divergences between the price and the RSI can indicate a weakening trend.
* Oscillations: The amplitude and frequency of the oscillations in the RSI can provide insights into the strength and duration of market trends.
How it Reflects Market Volatility
* Amplified Volatility: The wave function can amplify the volatility of the price data, making it easier to identify potential turning points.
* Smoothing: The decay factor helps to smooth out short-term fluctuations, allowing the indicator to focus on longer-term trends.
* Sensitivity: The combination of the wave function and RSI can make the indicator more sensitive to changes in market momentum.
In essence, this custom indicator attempts to enhance traditional RSI analysis by incorporating a cyclical component that can potentially provide earlier signals of market reversals.
Note: The effectiveness of this indicator will depend on various factors, including the specific market, time frame, and the chosen values for the frequency and decay parameters. It is recommended to conduct thorough backtesting and optimize the parameters to suit your specific trading strategy.
Probabilistic Trend Oscillator** MACD PLOTS ARE NOT PART OF THE INDICATOR IT IS FOR COMPARSION**
The "Probabilistic Trend Oscillator" is a technical indicator designed to measure trend strength and direction by analyzing price behavior relative to a moving average over both long-term and short-term periods. This indicator incorporates several innovative features, including probabilistic trend detection, enhanced strength scaling, and percentile-based thresholds for identifying potential trend reversals.
Key Components
Inputs:
The indicator allows users to customize several key parameters:
EMA Length defines the period for the Exponential Moving Average (EMA), which serves as a baseline to classify trend direction.
Long and Short Term Lengths provide customizable periods for analyzing trend strength over different timeframes.
Signal Line Length is used to smooth the trend strength data, helping users spot more reliable trend signals.
Extreme Value Lookback Length controls how far back to look when calculating percentile thresholds, which are used to identify overbought and oversold zones.
Trend Classification:
The indicator categorizes price behavior into four conditions:
Green: Price closes above the open and is also above the EMA, suggesting a strong upward trend.
Red: Price closes below the open but is above the EMA, indicating weaker upward pressure.
Green1: Price closes above the open but remains below the EMA, representing weak upward movement.
Red1: Price closes below the open and the EMA, signaling a strong downward trend.
Trend Strength Calculation:
The script calculates long-term and short-term trend values based on the frequency of these trend conditions, normalizing them to create probabilistic scores.
It then measures the difference between the short-term and long-term trend values, creating a metric that reflects the intensity of the current trend. This comparison provides insight into whether the trend is strengthening or weakening.
Enhanced Trend Strength:
To emphasize significant movements, the trend strength metric is scaled by the average absolute price change (distance between close and open prices). This creates an "enhanced trend strength" value that highlights periods with high momentum.
Users can toggle between two variations of trend strength:
Absolute Trend Strength is a straightforward measure of the trend's force.
Relative Trend Strength accounts for deviations between short term and long term values, focusing on how current price action differs from a long term behavior.
Percentile-Based Thresholds:
The indicator calculates percentile thresholds over the specified lookback period to mark extreme values:
The 97th and 3rd percentiles act as overbought and oversold zones, respectively, indicating potential reversal points.
Intermediate levels (75th and 25th percentiles) are added to give additional context for overbought or oversold conditions, creating a probabilistic range.
Visualization:
The selected trend strength value (either absolute or relative) is plotted in orange.
Overbought (green) and oversold (red) percentiles are marked with dashed lines and filled in blue, highlighting potential reversal zones.
The signal line—a smoothed EMA of the trend strength—is plotted in white, helping users to confirm trend changes.
A gray horizontal line at zero acts as a baseline, further clarifying the strength of upward vs. downward trends.
Summary
This indicator provides a flexible, probabilistic approach to trend detection, allowing users to monitor trend strength with customizable thresholds and lookback periods. By combining percentile-based thresholds with enhanced trend strength scaling, it offers insights into market reversals and momentum shifts, making it a valuable tool for both trend-following and counter-trend trading strategies.
Bayesian Bias OscillatorWhat is a Bayes Estimator?
Bayesian estimation, or Bayesian inference, is a statistical method for estimating unknown parameters of a probability distribution based on observed data and prior knowledge about those parameters. At first , you will need a prior probability distribution, which is a prior belief about the distribution of the parameter that you are interested in estimating. This distribution represents your initial beliefs or knowledge about the parameter value before observing any data. Second , you need a likelihood function, which represents the probability of observing the data given different values of the parameter. This function quantifies how well different parameter values explain the observed data. Then , you will need a posterior probability distribution by combining the prior distribution and the likelihood function to obtain the posterior distribution of the parameter. The posterior distribution represents the updated belief about the parameter value after observing the data.
Bayesian Bias Oscillator
This tool calculates the Bayes bias of returns, which are directional probabilities that provide insight on the "trend" of the market or the directional bias of returns. It comes with two outputs: the default one, which is the Z-Score of the Bayes Bias, and the regular raw probability, which can be switched on in the settings of the indicator.
The Z-Score output value doesn't tell you the probability, but it does tell you how much of a standard deviation the value is from the mean. It uses both probabilities, the probability of a positive return and the probability of a negative return, which is just (1 - probability of a positive return).
The probability output value shows you the raw probability of a positive return vs. the probability of a negative return. The probability is the value of each line plotted (blue is the probability of a positive return, and purple is the probability of a negative return).
Market Trend OscillatorMarket Trend Oscillator segments the market into ranged bound and trending aspect. The threshold level segregates both types of market. With higher level, both the risk and reward lower down.
The MTO indicator, is based on Standard Deviation, difference between highest high and lowest low, ATR and ADR. There are two different volatility aspect which are:
Volatility according to the movement of one price e.g. closing price.
Volatility according to the candles.
The minimum of both these aspects gives an insight into the volatility of the market. To segregate a dynamic value with ATR and ADR is used with the threshold level. Moreover, the volatilities can be smoothed to have a smoother decision making.
Triple Trend OscillatorI developed the Triple Trend Oscillator (TTO) to combine the strengths of Supertrend, Sequential Filtered Trend, and Trend Magic indicators, offering a comprehensive view of market trends. This tool is designed to filter out market noise, highlight clear trends, and incorporate volume analysis to pinpoint momentum behind market moves.
Volume Flow Oscillator (VFO)I created the Volume Flow Oscillator (VFO) to explore the intricate interplay between volume and price movements over a specific lookback period. This tool contrasts volumes that move in sync with the price against those that move in opposition, signaling potential overbought or oversold territories. To determine the direction, I compare the current price to its value four periods back, shedding light on underlying bullish or bearish momentum. The VFO enriches my analysis and decision-making by offering a detailed perspective on how volume trends correlate with price changes. Its color-coded visuals are crucial for highlighting optimal trading points based on volume dynamics.
Information Entropy OscillatorHello Traders
This Trading Indicator / script is my interpritation of the use of shannons entropy in Trading, hope you find this usefull !!!
Information Entropy Oscillator :
In Physics, entropy is a concept and a measurable physical property that is most commonly associated with the state of disorder, randomness or uncertainty of a system. In the Thermodynamic field Entropy also describes how much energy is not available to do work, The more disordered a system and higher the entropy, the less of a system's energy is available to do work. This last definition is central to the idea of this trading idea, Briefly this is because the lower the information Entropy the “more predictable” is price movement which is characterized by a two states process up(h), and down(d) - (green and red candles), thus the more predictable a up or down move, Given the definition this also means more “energy” which can be thought of as the systems “predictive power” is available to do work, where work in this case to predict the likelihood of a trend continuation.
In Information Theory, the entropy of a random variable (A statistical term that describes either a discrete or continuous event with a respective (discrete or continuous) probability, where the latter is expressed via a CDF - cumulative distribution function) is the average level of "information", "surprise", or "uncertainty" inherent to the variable's possible outcomes. note : this is the definition for Entropy that this script is built upon
Formual Derivation :
Interpretations of Information Entropy Values (Polar approach)
when , …
H(x) = 0 Max-Information gain (purity of knowledge available)
H(x) = 1 No INformation gain, When both states probabilities are equal, i.e. H = T = 0.5, the function yields maximum uncertainty and therefore maximum entropy. This reflects
When Information gain is nearing 0, thus low, the script attempts to predict the proceeding trend direction, for example when entropy is low and all bars preceding the real market / time bars have all been positive and the real time bar closes as a red candle (close < yesterday's open) the script takes this as a high information gain signal, “predicting” a Bearish trend.
The Script Also comes with a Information Entropy heat map to plot entropy (inspired by Oppenheimer and Barbie lol), to see this turn off all candle plots, plots in the Chart settings, under the symbol header .
Average Variation Bands OscillatorSimilar to how a donchian% of channel helps to visualize trend and volatility, this tool helps identify those same characteristics, if the oscillator is generally above the 50 mark, it is considered to be trending upwards, and the reverse if it is generally bellow 50.
Trend Oscillatorwhat is "Trend Oscillator"?
it is an indicator for determining the trend.
what it does?
analyzes the price action by reducing it to 4 different situations. Red means strong bear, orange means bearish, yellow means weak bull and green means strong bull. It was developed to help traders who trade in the direction of the trend and its biggest promise is to simplify price action.
how it does it?
He defines 4 different situations as follows. If the velocity of the price is positive and the acceleration is positive, it is a strong bull, if the velocity is positive and the acceleration is negative, it is a weak bull, if the velocity is negative and the acceleration is positive, it is a weak bear, if both velocity and acceleration are negative, it is a strong bear.
2 for strong bull
1 for the weak bull
-1 for weak bear
Creates a function that takes values of -2 for the strong bear. this function is the velocity of the principal indicator, and then the integral of this function forms the principal indicator.
how to use it?
"source" is used to change the source of the indicator,
"length" makes the indicator give a later but less signal.
you can use it to follow or analyze the trend. colors make it easy to use. learns about current or past trends by looking at colors. Like any trend indicator, it can give unsuccessful signals in a horizontal trend.
Andean OscillatorThe following script is an original creation originally posted on the blog section of the broker Alpaca.
The proposed indicator aims to measure the degree of variations of individual up-trends and down-trends in the price, thus allowing to highlight the direction and amplitude of a current trend.
Settings
Length : Determines the significance of the trends degree of variations measured by the indicator.
Signal Length : Moving average period of the signal line.
Usage
The Andean Oscillator can return multiple information to the user, with its core interpretation revolving around the bull and bear components.
A rising bull component (in green) indicates the presence of bullish price variations while a rising bear component (in red) indicates the presence of bearish price variations.
When the bull component is over the bear component market is up-trending, and the user can expect new higher highs. When the bear component is over the bull component market is down-trending, and the user can expect new lower lows.
The signal line (in orange) allows a more developed interpretation of the indicator and can be used in several ways.
It is possible to use it to filter out potential false signals given by the crosses between the bullish and bearish components. As such the user might want to enter a position once the bullish or bearish component crosses over the signal line instead.
Details
Measuring the degree of variations of trends in the price by their direction (up-trend/down-trend) can be done in several way.
The approach taken by the proposed indicator makes use of exponential envelopes and the naive computation of standard deviation.
First, exponential envelopes are obtained from both the regular prices and squared prices, thus giving two upper extremities, and two lower extremities.
The bullish component is obtained by first subtracting the upper extremity of the squared prices with the squared upper extremity of regular prices, the square root is then applied to this result.
The bearish component is obtained in the same way, but makes use of the lower extremities of the exponential envelopes.
